1. Blood Jayanti Tokkas1, Shalini Jain2 and Hariom Yadav3*
1Department of Biochemistry, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India
2Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
3Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
*Corresponding author:

2. BLOOD Connective tissue in fluid form
Fluid of life – carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of body and carbon-di-oxide from all parts of the body to the lungs
Fluid of growth – carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues.
Fluid of health – protects the body against diseases and get rid of unwanted substances by transporting them into excretory organs like kidney.

3. Physical Characteristics of Blood
Thicker than water
8 % of total body weight
Blood volume
70 mL/kg of body weight
5 - 6 liters in males
4 - 5 liters in females
Temperature F
pH to 7.45

4. Blood Functions Respiratory Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
2. Nutrition
Transport “food” from gut to tissues
3. Excretory
Transport waste from tissues to kidney (urea, uric acid)
4. Protective
White blood cells , antibodies, antitoxins.

5. Blood Functions 5. Regulatory 6. Body Temperature
regulate body temperature
regulate pH through buffers
coolant properties of water
vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins
6. Body Temperature
Water- high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, heat of vaporization
Typical heat generation is 3000 kcal/day

6. Blood composition Suspension of cells in plasma (carrier fluid)
Red cells (erythrocytes) % 5x106/mL
White cells (leukocytes)
7x103/mL < 1% Platelets (thrombocytes)
3x105/mL

7. Blood composition

8. Blood Plasma Straw colored clear liquid Contains 90% water
7% plasma proteins
created in liver
confined to bloodstream
albumin
maintain blood osmotic pressure
immunoglobulins
antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens
form antigen-antibody complexes
fibrinogen
for clotting
2% other substances
Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, waste products

9. Functions of plasma proteins
Coagulation of blood – Fibrinogen to fibrin
Defense mechanism of blood – Immunoglobulins
Transport mechanism – α Albumin, β globulin transport hormones, gases, enzymes, etc.
Maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood
Acid-base balance
Provides viscosity to blood
Provides suspension stability of RBC
Reserve proteins

10. Formed Elements of Blood
Red blood cells (R.B.C.)
White blood cells (W.B.C.)
granular leukocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, natural killer cells (N.K.C)
monocytes
Platelets (special cell fragments)

11. Functions of RBC
Transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues (oxyhemoglobin).
Transport carbon-di-oxide from tissues to lungs (carboxyhemoglobin)
Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and regulates the hydrogen ion concentration (acid base balance)
Carry the blood group antigens and Rh factor

12. Functions of neutrophils
First line of defence against invading micro-organisms.
Powerful and effective killer machine – contains enzymes like protease, elastase, metalloproteinase, NADPH oxidase; antibody like substances called defensins.
Defensins – antimicrobial peptides active against bacteria and fungi.
3.Secrete Platelet Aggregation Factor (PAF) – accelerates the aggregation of platelet during injury to the blood vessels

13. Functions of eosinophils
Secrete lethal substances at the time of exposure to foreign proteins/parasites
Eosinophill peroxidase – detroy worms, bacteria and tumor cells.
Major basic protein – damage parasites
Eosinophill cationic protein (ECP)- destroys helminths.
Eosinophill derived neurotoxin – destroys nerve fibres (myelinated nerve fibres)

14. Functions of basophils
Basophill granules release some important substances like –
Histamine – Acute hypersensitivity reaction- vascular changes, increase capillary permeability
Heparin – prevents intravascular blood clotting
Hyaluronic acid – necessary for deposition of ground substances in basement membrane
Proteases – exaggerate inflammation
Basophill have IgE receptor – hypersensitivity reaction

15. Functions of Platelets
Blood clotting
Clot retraction
Defence mechanism
Homeostasis
Repair and rupture of blood vessel

16. Gas transport
Continuous interchange of CO2 and O2 between lungs and tissues.
Oxygen –
major e- acceptor
indispensable for ATP production.
CO2
major by product of energy metabolism

17. pH maintenance Oxygen release helps to maintain pH in tissues Lungs:
HHb + O2 = HbO2 + H+
Tissues:
CO2 forms proton and bicarbonate
Proton is bound to Hb, when O2 is released
Bicarbonate leaves RBC
Cl- / HCO3- interchange - Hamburger effect

18. Hb
Higher ability of Hb to release O2 but lower ability to bind O2 - Right shift
Useful at site of O2 release (tissues)
higher temperature
higher 2,3 BPG level
lower pH (Bohr effect)

19. CO2 transport Bicarbonate formation within RBC and Cl interchange
CO2 dissolved in blood plasma
Carbaminohemoglobin formation

20. Thanx