1. Individual summer project 10. Measure to ease the problem of air pollution

2. The cause of air pollution Combustion of fuels. Combustion of fuels. Gases emitted from factories and power station. Gases emitted from factories and power station. Incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion. Presences of impurities. Presences of impurities.

3. The air pollutants: Carbon monoxide, soot, unburnt hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide, soot, unburnt hydrocarbons. Oxides of nitrogen. Oxides of nitrogen. Oxides of sulphur. Oxides of sulphur. Lead petrol. Lead petrol. Hydrogen chloride, chlorine. Hydrogen chloride, chlorine. Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide.

4. Problems associated with the air pollutants: Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide - Toxic gas. - Toxic gas. - Combine with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin irreversibly. - Combine with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin irreversibly. - Suffocation. - Suffocation.

5. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide - Toxic gases. - Toxic gases. - Cause acid rain. - Cause acid rain. Lead compounds Lead compounds - cumulative poisons. - cumulative poisons. - damage body. - damage body. Soot Soot - attack respiratory system and plants. - attack respiratory system and plants.

6. Unbrunt hydrocarbons Unbrunt hydrocarbons - cause cancer and photochemical smog. - cause cancer and photochemical smog. Photochemical smog Photochemical smog - damage plants and attack respiratory system. - damage plants and attack respiratory system. Global warming Global warming - change climate pattern. - change climate pattern. - rise of sea level and cause flooding. - rise of sea level and cause flooding. CFCs from aerosol can which cause global warming

7. Methods to minimize the air pollutants to ease air pollution 1. Catalytic converter in car exhaust system 1. Catalytic converter in car exhaust system - React nitrogen oxides (NO X ) with carbon monoxide (CO) to give carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). - React nitrogen oxides (NO X ) with carbon monoxide (CO) to give carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). - Hydrocarbons react with carbon monoxide (CO) to give carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). - Hydrocarbons react with carbon monoxide (CO) to give carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). - Unleaded petrol engine only. - Unleaded petrol engine only.

8. Catalytic Converter different types of catalytic used in cars. different types of catalytic used in cars. Minibus that have not install catalytic converter emitting huge amount of soot and air pollutant.

9. 2. Scrubber in industry 2. Scrubber in industry - React sulphur dioxide (SO2) with limestone (calcium carbonate – CaCO3) to give calcium sulphite (CaSO4). - React sulphur dioxide (SO2) with limestone (calcium carbonate – CaCO3) to give calcium sulphite (CaSO4). Scrubber in an industry in Taiwan Scrubber in an industry in Taiwan

10. 3. Electrostatic precipitator in industry 3. Electrostatic precipitator in industry - removes solids particles in burning fuels by electrostatic forces at very high voltages. - removes solids particles in burning fuels by electrostatic forces at very high voltages.

11. 4. Changes the fuels in automobiles 4. Changes the fuels in automobiles automobiles are the main source of air pollution in todays world. automobiles are the main source of air pollution in todays world.

12. - use unleaded petrol. - use unleaded petrol. - use low sulphur content petrol. - use low sulphur content petrol. - use LPG gas as fuels. - use LPG gas as fuels. - use gasohol (mixed by ethanol and gasoline) in cars. - use gasohol (mixed by ethanol and gasoline) in cars. - use of electricity as power source. - use of electricity as power source. - use hydrogen as power source. - use hydrogen as power source. LPG taxi in hong kong

13. 5. Legislation, commitment and Policy 5. Legislation, commitment and Policy - reduce air pollutant amount by new commitment in international level (like Kyoto ’ s Treaty, Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit ) - reduce air pollutant amount by new commitment in international level (like Kyoto ’ s Treaty, Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit ) - government enforce or subsidies car driver to install catalytic converter - government enforce or subsidies car driver to install catalytic converter - increase taxes of fossil fuels - increase taxes of fossil fuels - increase license fare of cars - increase license fare of cars - increase first registration fee of cars - increase first registration fee of cars

14. 6. Better management plan 6. Better management plan - minimize deforestation - minimize deforestation and plant additional and plant additional trees. trees. - stationary polluting sources (power station, incinerator, … ) should be far away from residential area. - stationary polluting sources (power station, incinerator, … ) should be far away from residential area.

15. - increase the height of chimney of industry, incinerator and power station. - plant more trees in roads and build more parks. - plant more trees in roads and build more parks. 7. Individual level 7. Individual level - have a conservative living style. - have a conservative living style. - support green group for forestation. - support green group for forestation. - learn more about air pollution consequences and how to ease it. - learn more about air pollution consequences and how to ease it. - use more public transport instead of private car. - use more public transport instead of private car.

16. THE END