APHG Population - Chapter 2

APHG Population - Chapter 2
APHG – Spring 2014 llhammon Spring 2014

If we shrank the Earth's population to a village of 100 people, with all of the existing human ratios remaining the same, there would be: 57 Asians 52 females 21 Europeans 48 males 8 Africans 14 people from the Western Hemisphere (north and south) 30 Christians 6 U.S. citizens holding 70 Non-Christians % of the worlds wealth 70 unable to read 1 with a college education 80 living in substandard housing with their own computer 50 suffering from malnutrition 1 near death 1 near birth Source: Mercy Housing Midwest, Omaha, NE.

Critical Issues in Population Geography
More people are alive today than at any other time in human history. The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before. Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs) – Population Heartbeat

Key Population Issues Key Issues Where is the world's population distributed? Where has the world's population increased? Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries? 4. Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? llhammon Spring 2014

Population Distribution 7 Billion Key Issue 1: Where Is the World's Population Distributed? Population concentrations Sparsely populated regions Population density The scientific study of population characteristics is demography. At a global scale,. .. the world's so-called overpopulation problem is not simply a matter of the total number of people but the relationship between number of people and available resources. At a local scale, geographers find that overpopulation is a threat in some regions of the world but not in others. Regions with the most people are not necessarily the same as the regions with an unfavorable balance between population and resources. llhammon Spring 2014

Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
Population Concentrations 2/3 of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions. East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe Site and Situation of Population Clusters Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate Near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean.

Population Distribution

FIGURE 2-2 POPULATION CARTOGRAM In a cartogram, countries are displayed by size of population rather than land area.

World Population Distribution
APHG Population - Chapter 2 World Population Distribution World population is very unevenly distributed across the Earth’s surface and it can be compared to climate distribution. llhammon Spring 2014

World Population Cartogram
APHG Population - Chapter 2 World Population Cartogram This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.) llhammon Spring 2014

Sparsely Populated Regions Humans avoid clustering in certain physical environments. Dry Lands Wet Lands Cold Lands High Lands Places considered too harsh for occupancy have diminished over time. Places of permanent human settlement are termed the ecumene. Humans tend to avoid places that are unaccommodating for activities, such as agriculture. Among these are places with too much or too little available water, places with exceedingly hot or cold temperatures, and places that have too steep of slopes to plant crops.

Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 B.C.–A.D. 1900
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Expansion of the Ecumene B.C.–A.D. 1900 The ecumene, or the portion of the Earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area. llhammon Spring 2014

World Population Distribution by Region 1800–2050 llhammon Spring 2014

Population Density Density can be computed in up to three ways for a place. Arithmetic Density Total number of objects in an area Computation: Divide the population by the land area Physiological Density Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land Computation: Divide the population by the arable land area Agricultural Density Ratio of the number of farmers to amount of arable land Computation: Divide the population of farmers by the arable land area Physiological density provides insights into the relation between the size of a population and the availability of resources in a region. Developed countries have lower agricultural densities, because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people.

Population Density Arithmetic Density – the total number of people divided by the total land area ( This measure is also called population density.) Arithmetic density enables geographers to make approximate comparisons of the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world. There is no relationship between arithmetic density and standard of living. llhammon Spring 2014

Arithmetic Population Density
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Arithmetic Population Density Arithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area. The highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe. llhammon Spring 2014

Physiological Density
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Physiological Density A more meaningful population measure is by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region. The number of people supported by a unit of arable land is called the physiological density. Comparing physiological and arithmetic densities helps geographers to understand the capacity if the land to yield enough food for the needs of people. llhammon Spring 2014

Physiological Density
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Physiological Density Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society. llhammon Spring 2014

Agriculture Density Two countries can have similar physiological densities, but they may produce different amounts of food because of different economic conditions. Agriculture density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. The Netherlands has a much higher physiological density than does India but a lower agriculture density. Agriculture density is directly related to standard of living llhammon Spring 2014

FIGURE 2-7 AGRICULTURAL DENSITY The highest agricultural densities are found in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The lowest are in North America, Europe, and South Pacific.

Effect of Migration on Population Growth
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Effect of Migration on Population Growth Q&A. How densely populated is the planet? 1st Western Europe, 433 people per sq. mile 2nd Caribbean, 417 people per sq. mile Least densely settled region is Oceania: 10 people per sq. mile United States is 78 people per sq. mile Q. Does high density in urbanized areas equal environmental degradation???? llhammon Spring 2014

Population Densities, 2003 Region Pop./Sq. Mile World Caribbean 417 More Developed Countries 61 South America 52 Less Developed Countries 160 Asia 312 Africa Western Asia 112 Sub-Saharan Africa 76 South Central Asia 376 Northern Africa 57 Southeast Asia 313 Western Africa East Asia 334 Eastern Africa Europe 82 Middle Africa 41 Northern Europe 141 Southern Africa 49 Western Europe 433 North America 42 Eastern Europe 41 Latin America 68 Southern Europe 288 Central America Oceania 10 Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003 World Population Data llhammon Spring 2014

Key Issue 2 Why is Global Population Increasing?

Why Is Global Population Increasing?
Components of Population Growth Geographers measure population change in a country or the world as a whole by using three measures: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – total number of live birth in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society. Crude Death Rate (CDR) – total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) – percentage by which a population grows in a year. Computation: CBR – CDR = NIR Remember NIR is a percentage ( n per 100, while CBR and CDR are expressed as n per 1,000)

World Population Growth 1950–2010
APHG Population - Chapter 2 World Population Growth 1950–2010 Total world population increased from 2.5 to 6 billion in this half century. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990. llhammon Spring 2014

FIGURE 2-8 WORLD POPULATION THROUGH HISTORY Through most of human history population growth was virtually nil. Population increased rapidly beginning in the eighteenth century.

World Population Growth, 1750–2150 Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision; and estimates by the Population Reference Bureau. llhammon Spring 2014

Natural Increase Q&A: When could world population stop growing? First one – half million years: the population growth rate was about zero 1700s modern era of population growth began Between 1850 and 1900, the annual growth rate reached 0.5 percent By the mid-1960’s rate surged to 2.0 percent Dropped to 1.7 percent by the mid-1980s, and declined to about 1.4 percent by 2000. World population will stop growing when the birth rate equals the death rate llhammon Spring 2014

Natural Increase Rates
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Natural Increase Rates The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates. llhammon Spring 2014

Crude Birth Rates The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1,000 population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in Africa and several Asian countries. llhammon Spring 2014

Crude Death Rates The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1,000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the demographic transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries. llhammon Spring 2014

Population Growth through Natural Increase, 1775–2000 llhammon Spring 2014

Total Fertility Rates The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East. llhammon Spring 2014

Infant Mortality Rates
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Infant Mortality Rates The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest countries of Africa and Asia. llhammon Spring 2014

World Infant Mortality Rates in Selected Countries, 2000 Source: Carl Haub and Diana Cornelius, 2000 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2000). llhammon Spring 2014

Life Expectancy at birth
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Life Expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries. llhammon Spring 2014

Summary of Spatial Patterns Developed Countries Lower rates of… Natural increase Crude birth Total fertility Infant mortality Developing Countries Higher rates of…

Population Structure Fertility and mortality vary not only spatially but also temporally within a country. A special bar graph known as a population pyramid can visually display a country’s distinctive population structure. X-axis Percent male displayed to the left of zero Percent female displayed to the right of zero Y-axis Age cohorts typically grouped in 5-year intervals Youngest displayed at bottom and oldest at top

FIGURE 2-14 POPULATION PYRAMIDS FOR THE UNITED STATES AND SELECTED U.S. COMMUNITIES Laredo has a broad pyramid, indicating higher percentages of young people and fertility rates. Lawrence has a high percentage of people in their twenties because it is the home of the University of Kansas. Naples has a high percentage of elderly people, especially women, so its pyramid is upside down.

Population Age Structure Diagram Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects, The 1998 Revision Rapid Growth Slow Growth No Growth llhammon Spring 2014

3 2 5 4 Population Pyramids – Stages Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria
Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada 3 2 Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece 5 4 Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44 Ages

Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Population Pyramids in U.S. Cities Population pyramids can vary greatly, with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples). llhammon Spring 2014

Population Structure Dependency Ratio Defined as the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years. People aged 0 to 14 and over 65 years old are considered dependents. Larger dependency ratios imply greater financial burden on the working class. 85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, while 47 percent in Europe.

Population Structure Sex Ratio Defined as the number of males per 100 females in the population Developed countries have more females than males, because they tend to live 7 years longer.

Doubling Time Doubling Time of a population (years) :
70 / Population Growth Rate (%) ( 70 / 2.0% = 35 years ) Rule of 70 :determine how long it would take for a population to double at its present growth rate. divide 70 by the population’s annual growth rate to determine the years needed to double the size of the population.

Human Population Doubling Time

Why has the worlds population grown at such different rates throughout history? 3 variables: births, deaths, and migration Balancing Equation: A. The difference between births and deaths in a population produces the natural increase(or decrease) of a population. B. Net migration is the difference between the number of persons entering a geographic area (immigrants) and those leaving (emigrants) C. Natural increase usually accounts for the greatest amount of growth in a population, especially within a short period of time. llhammon Spring 2014

Population increases at different rates
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Population increases at different rates Key Issue 3: Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries? The demographic transition model Population pyramids Countries in different stages of demographic transition Demographic transition and world population growth llhammon Spring 2014

The Demographic Transition Modal
It is a model consisting of four stages that helps to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country. Historically, no country has ever reverted back to a previous stage. Thus, the model can be thought to have a beginning, middle, and an end.

Demographic Transition Model: Development & Population Intersect…

Demographic Transition
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Demographic Transition Stage 1: Early Stationary Stage (No country is currently here) Population growth: slow increase Birth rates: high Death rates: high Most of humanity’s several-hundred year occupancy of Earth was characterized by stage 1. Birth and death rates varied considerably from one year to the next and from one region to another, but over the long term they were roughly comparable, at very high levels. Between 8000 B.C. and A.D. 1750, Earth’s human population increased from 5 million to 800 million. The burst of population growth around 8000 B.C. was caused by the agriculture revolution. Despite the agriculture revolution, the human population remained in stage1 of the demographic transition because food supplies were unpredictable. llhammon Spring 2014

APHG Population - Chapter 2 Demographic Transition Stage II: Early Expanding Stage Birth rates: high Death rates: decreasing Population growth: rapid and increasing After around A.D1750 the world’s population suddenly began to grow10 times faster than in the past. In stage II, the crude death rate plummets, while the crude birth rate remains the same as in stage I. Most African countries are still in a stage II. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the improvements in technology, population growth rate changed. Countries in Europe and North America entered stage II of the demographic transition about 1800, but stage II did not diffuse to most countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America until the 1950’s. The late 20th century push of countries into stage II was caused by the medical revolution. llhammon Spring 2014

Percent of Population under 15
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Percent of Population under 15 About one-third of world population is under 15, but the percentage by country varies from over 40% in most of Africa and some Asian countries, to under 20% in much of Europe. llhammon Spring 2014

Rapid Growth in Cape Verde
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Rapid Growth in Cape Verde Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in about 1950, is experiencing rapid population growth. Its population history reflects the impacts of famines and out-migration. llhammon Spring 2014

APHG Population - Chapter 2 Demographic Transition Stage III: Late Expanding Stage Birth rates: decreasing Death rates: leveling off Population growth: rapid but slowing A country moves from a stage II to a stage III when the birth rate begins to drop sharply. European and North American countries moved from stage II to a stage III during the first half of the 20th century. Most countries in Asia and Latin America have moved to a stage III in recent years. A society enters a stage III when people decide to have fewer children. Medical practices introduced in stage II improve the probability of infant survival, but many years pass before families react by conceiving fewer babies. llhammon Spring 2014

APHG Population - Chapter 2 Demographic Transition Stage III continued…… Economic changes in stage III also induce families to have fewer offspring. Farmers often consider a large family to be an asset. In contrast, children living in cities are generally not economic assets. About 75% of the world’s population is stranded in stages II and III. Q&A: What does improve technology increase? resource availability standard of living health care ? llhammon Spring 2014

Moderate Growth in Chile
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Moderate Growth in Chile Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s. llhammon Spring 2014

APHG Population - Chapter 2 Demographic Transition Stage IV: Late Stationary Stage Birth rates: low Death rates: low Population growth: low A country reaches stage IV when the birth rate declines to the point where it equals the death rate. The condition is called ZPG. Most European countries have reached stage IV. The United States has moved slightly below ZPG since When families lived on farms, employment and child rearing were conducted at the same place, but in urban societies parents leave the home to work. Changes in lifestyles also encourage smaller families. Several Eastern European countries, most notably Russia, have negative natural increase rates, a legacy of Communist rule. llhammon Spring 2014

Low Growth in Denmark Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s,with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children. llhammon Spring 2014

Demographic Transition in England
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Demographic Transition in England England was one of the first countries to experience rapid population growth in the mid-eighteenth century, when it entered stage 2 of the demographic transition. llhammon Spring 2014

Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?
Population Futures Demographic Transition Possible Stage 5: Decline Characterized by… Very low CBR Increasing CDR More elderly people than young persons Negative NIR Over time, few young women in child-bearing years Contributing to ever falling CBR Several European countries already have negative NIR. Russia is most notable hosting a negative NIR for 50 years.

APHG Population - Chapter 2 Demographic Transition Less developed countries : mortality revolution after World War II; changes did not result from economic development within the countries, but were a result of international aid. The impact of Western technology moves a population from a stage I into a stage II. Industrialization and economic development moves populations into a stage IV llhammon Spring 2014

Declining Birth Rates Two Successful Strategies for Lowering Birth Rates Improving Education and Health Care Emphasizes improving local economic conditions so that increased wealth is allocated to education and health programs seeking to lower birth rates. Contraception More immediate results reaped than previous approach Met with greater resistance, because it goes against cultural or religious beliefs of some. Roman Catholics, fundamentalist Protestants, Muslims, and Hindus.

Figure 2-28 JAPAN’S CHANGING POPULATION PYRAMIDS Japan’s population pyramid has shifted from a broad base in 1950 to a rectangular shape. In the future, the bottom of the pyramid is expected to contract and the top to expand.

Future Population Trends
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Future Population Trends Key Issue 4: Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem? Malthus on overpopulation Declining birth rates World Health Threats Malthus argued that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies Malthus claimed that population increased geometrically, while food supply increased arithmetically. Malthus concluded that population would press available resources in every country, unless “moral restraint” produced lower birth rates or unless diseases, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher death rates. llhammon Spring 2014

Malthus on Over Population
He claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply. Malthus’s Critics Many geographers consider his beliefs too pessimistic. Malthus’s theory based on idea that world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding. Many disagree that population increase is not a problem. Larger populations could stimulate economic growth, and therefore, production of more food.

Malthus Theory Malthus on overpopulation An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically Criticism of Malthus includes the following: Pessimistic viewpoint Failure to consider technological innovation Marxist critique llhammon Spring 2014

Malthus on Overpopulation
Theory and Reality Food production has increased over last 50 years faster than Malthus predicted. His model predicted world population to quadruple over the course of 50 years. Not even in India has population growth outpaced food production.

Food and Population, 1950–2000 Malthus vs. Actual Trends
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Food and Population, 1950–2000 Malthus vs. Actual Trends Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the second half of the twentieth century. llhammon Spring 2014

Malthus: Theory & Reality

Projections of World Population
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Projections of World Population Future of World Population Growth: Three Scenarios, 2000 to 2100 World population is projected to increase to 7.8 billion by 2025 8.9 billion by 2050 If the growth rate does not fall and the worlds population reaches 11 billion by 2100, the population will have doubled in about 100 years llhammon Spring 2014

Components of Population Change Future of World Population Growth: Three Scenarios, 2000 to 2100 llhammon Spring 2014

Patterns of Population Change
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Patterns of Population Change Q&A: Why does it take so long to slow or stop population growth? Population Momentum: Growth through natural increase occurs when the birth rate exceeds the death rate. The rate of natural increases of a population depends on birth and death rates, which are strongly influenced by the population age. The momentum of population growth in less developed countries will be slowed when the larger number of young adults resulting from previous high fertility have passed out of the childbearing years and a smaller generation reproduces at replacement level fertility. Two strategies have been successful in reducing birth rates. Economic development and distribution of contraceptives. llhammon Spring 2014

Impacts of Rapid Population Growth
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Impacts of Rapid Population Growth Environmental Conditions: In the past, a relatively small global population with a low level of technology meant a fairly low impact on the environment. Today, however, the combination of a larger global population and high technology has led to many problems. Pollution of air, soil, and water Deforestation and desertification As the global population doubles sometime in the next 43 years, the pollution level will double – unless we change the way we extract resources from the environment. llhammon Spring 2014

Resource Availability
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Resource Availability Although increasing our level of technology enables us to extract more resources from the environment, we do not know if this process is infinite: there may be a limit to the number of resources we can extract from our planet. The availability of resources is largely determined by access to technology and resources. llhammon Spring 2014

Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth Environmental Relationships Per Capita Annual Renewable Freshwater Availability, 1950, 1995, 2050 Source: Population Action International, Sustaining Water, Erasing Scarcity. llhammon Spring 2014

Housing & Hunger Countries below “The Line,” population is growing faster than housing is being built; these countries cannot afford to build enough housing quickly enough to keep up with the growing population. As this cycle continues, the number of homeless people will increase. At the present time, we can grow enough food to feed the world. However, people go hungry because we cannot distribute the food adequately. This problem has a direct effect on the mental development of children. llhammon Spring 2014

The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South divide, proposed by German Chancellor Willy Brandt in the 1980s. It approximately encircles the world at a latitude of 30° N, passing between North and Middle America, north of Africa and India, but dipping south so as to include Australia and New Zealand in the “Rich North.”

The map above showing the north-south divide as been updated recently to include countries like South Africa, Singapore and Taiwan. It was based upon the Brandt line and shows the more economically developed countries in blue and the less economically developed countries in red. Positives of Map: Simplifies data so that it's easy to understand. GDP is used which is an easy to access data source. Negatives of Map: Doesn't include some countries which are more economically developed. Generalized patterns with some countries above the Brandt line less developed less than some below.

Medical Care & Education
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Medical Care & Education Providing sufficient health care is already a problem in many places; even the United States cannot provide health care to all its inhabitants. As the global population grows, this problem will, too. Worldwide about 8 million babies die annually before their first birthday. As countries develop economically, infant mortality usually declines. Every year, more and more people are illiterate - and every year, more of the illiterate are women. llhammon Spring 2014

Status of Women Although women have gained more political and economic rights in the United States, in most of the rest of the world, women have lost ground llhammon Spring 2014

Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth The Status of Women Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, 1991–1999 llhammon Spring 2014

Women's Age at First Marriage (years) and Family Size (TFR) in Selected Countries, 1990s llhammon Spring 2014

Global Security & Wilderness
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Global Security & Wilderness Remember, as population grows, the demand for resources grows. If there is a limit to the amount of resources, competition for what is available will increase, which will threaten political and economical infrastructures. The more population grows, the more difficult it is to maintain wilderness area. It is hard to preserve wilderness in poor areas: food and money! llhammon Spring 2014

Patterns of World Urbanization
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Patterns of World Urbanization Q&A: What are the social implications of rapid population growth in less developed countries? Rural, dependent on agriculture and hunting for survival. In 1800, only 3% of the world’s population lived in urban areas. 1900, almost 14% were urbanites, only 12 cities had 1 million or more people. 1950’s, 30% of the world’s population resided in urban centers. 83 cities had over 1 million 2000, about 47% of the world’s population lived in urban areas(2.8 Billion) 411 cities over 1 million Developed nations are about 76% urban 40% of residents of less developed countries live in urban areas llhammon Spring 2014

Future Urbanization Patterns
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Future Urbanization Patterns 2030, 60% of the world’s population will be urban Most urban growth will occur in less developed countries. Q&A: What is an urban area? Any place with a population of urban; some set a minimum of 20,000. 2000, 39% of the world’s urbanites lived in agglomerations of 1 million 15% resided in agglomerations of 5 million or more. 8% of Americans live in cities of 1 million or more. llhammon Spring 2014

Megacities 10 Million habitants = megacities 1950: 8cities had populations of 5 million or more 2 of them in less developed countries 2000: 41 2015, 59 megacities will exist, 48 in less developed countries 1950, only one city had more than 10 million people 2015, 23 cities are projected to hold over 10 million people; all but four will be in less developed countries. llhammon Spring 2014

Largest Urban Agglomerations, 1950, 2000, 2015 Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision llhammon Spring 2014

Top 10 Largest Urban Agglomerations in 1950, 2000, 2015
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Top 10 Largest Urban Agglomerations in 1950, 2000, 2015 1. New York, USA Tokyo, Japan Tokyo, Japan 2. London, England Mexico City, Mex Bombay, India 3. Tokyo, Japan Bombay, India Lagos, Nigeria 4. Paris, France Sao Paulo, Brazil Dhaka, Bang 5. Moscow, Russia New York, USA Sao Paulo, Bra 6. Shanghai, China Lagos, Nigeria Karachi, Pakistan 19.2 7. Essen, Germany Los Angeles Mex. City, Mex 8. Buenos Aires, Arg Calcutta, India New York, USA 9. Chicago, USA Shanghai, China Jakarta,Indonesia17.3 10. Calcutta, India Buenos Aires, Arg Calcutta, India Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 2005 Revision llhammon Spring 2014

Growth of Urban Agglomerations, 1950–2015 llhammon Spring 2014

Epidemiologic Transition: World Health Threats
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? Hans Rosling “200” Epidemiologic Transition: World Health Threats Stage 1: Pestilence and famine Stage of pestilence and famine Infectious and parasitic diseases were principal causes of death Black Plague Pandemics Stage 2: Receding pandemics Stage of receding pandemics Occurs over a wide geographic area Effects a high proportion of the population Cholera llhammon Spring 2014

Cholera in London, 1854 Stage 2: Receding pandemics Cholera and Dr. John Snow By mapping the distribution of cholera cases and water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the waterborne epidemic. llhammon Spring 2014

Epidemiologic Transition
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Epidemiologic Transition Stage 3: Degenerative diseases Degenerative and human created diseases Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in disorders associated with aging Cardiovascular disease and cancer Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases Delayed degenerative diseases Heart diseases and cancer Life is extended through medical advances llhammon Spring 2014

Epidemiologic Transition
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Epidemiologic Transition Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases? Stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases Evolution of diseases Poverty Travel Malaria Tuberculosis SARS AIDS Three reasons why it might be happening: Evolution Improved travel llhammon Spring 2014

HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2011
APHG Population - Chapter 2 HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2011 The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present. llhammon Spring 2014

FIGURE 2-38 INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER ARRIVALS AT U. S
FIGURE 2-38 INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER ARRIVALS AT U.S. AIRPORTS 2011 Because AIDS arrived in the United States primarily through air travelers, the pattern of diffusion of AIDS in Figure 2-37 closely matches the distribution of international air passenger arrivals.

SARS Infections in China, 2003
APHG Population - Chapter 2 SARS Infections in China, 2003 China had 85 percent of the world's SARS cases in Within China, the infection was highly clustered in Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Beijing. llhammon Spring 2014

Tuberculosis Death Rates, 2000
APHG Population - Chapter 2 Tuberculosis Death Rates, 2000 The tuberculosis death rate is a good indicator of a country’s ability to invest in health care. TB is still one of the world’s largest infectious-disease killers. llhammon Spring 2014

Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats?
Health Care Health conditions vary around the world, primarily, because countries possess different resources to care for people who are sick. Expenditures on Health Care More than 15 percent of total government expenditures in Europe and North America. Less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats?
Health Care Health Care Systems Developed Countries Public service available at little or no cost. Government pays more than 70 percent of health-care costs in most European countries, and private individuals pay about 30 percent of the expense. Developing Countries Private individuals must pay more than half of the cost of health care. U.S. is an exception to these generalizations, because private individuals are required to pay about 55 percent of health care costs making it more closely resemble a developing country, in regards to health care.

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