1. CHAPTER 3 PGS 40-69 VISUAL ARTS I & II MELODY JUNKER JANUARY 2009
ART HISTORY
CHAPTER 3 PGS 40-69
VISUAL ARTS I & II
MELODY JUNKER
JANUARY 2009

2. OVERVIEW THERE HAS ALWAYS BEEN ART
B4 WRITTEN RECORDS-PAINTINGS, DRAWINGS, SCULPTURE, JEWELRY, & DECORATE FUNCTIONAL ITEMS
ART TELLS US ABOUT PAST PEOPLES AND HOW THEY LIVED
ART HISTORY IS A RECORD OF ART FROM PAST TO PRESENT.
ART HISTORIANS LOOK AT CHANGES IN ART OVER TIME
ART HISTORIANS ALSO LOOK AT THE WAY ART IS CREATED FROM PLACE TO PLACE

3. LEARNING ABOUT WORKS OF ART
STEP ONE: DESCRIPTION
STEP TWO: ANALYSIS
STEP THREE: INTERPRETATION
STEP FOUR: JUDGEMENT
*SAME STEP NAMES AS THE STEPS TO CRITIQUE AN ARTWORK

4. THE 4 STEPS
STEP 1 (DESCRIPTION)-WHEN, WHERE, AND BY WHOM WAS THE ART DONE?
LOOK FOR THE ARTIST’S SIGNATURE AND DATE ON THE PIECE
STEP 2 (ANALYSIS)- WHAT IS THE STYLE OF THE WORK, AND DOES THE WORK FIT INTO AN ART MOVEMENT?
LOOK AT THE ARTIST’S STYLE. NO 2 PEOPLE HAVE EXACTLY THE SAME STYLE.
STYLE IS THE ARTIST’S PERSONAL WAY OF USING THE ELEMENTS OF ART AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN TO EXPRESS FEELINGS AND IDEAS.
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5. STEP 3 (INTERPRETATION)- HOW DID TIME AND PLACE AFFECT THE ARTIST’S STYLE AND SUBJECT MATTER?
STEP 4 (JUDGEMENT)- DOES THE WORK OF ART MAKE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF ART?
DID THE ARTIST INTRODUCE A NEW STYLE?
OR IS THIS AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF AN EXISTING STYLE?

6. ART OF EARLIEST TIMES PREHISTORIC (BEFORE WRITTEN HISTORY)
THIS ART IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THIS IS ALL THE INFORMATION WE HAVE ABOUT PAST CULTURES
DEEP IN CAVES-BRIGHTLY COLORED AND REALISTIC PAINTINGS
PURPOSE IS THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN FOR HUNTING RITUALS, SINCE UNLIKELY TO LIVED HERE OR TO CELEBRATE A SUCCESSFUL HUNT

7. ANCIENT RIVER VALLEYS EGYPT PHARAOHS HAD COMPLETE AUTHORITY
ARTISTS HAD TO FOLLOW STRICT RULES SET UP BY PHARAOHS
RULES REQUIRED THAT EACH PART OF BODY TO BE SHOWN FROM THE MOST VISIBLE ANGLE
HEADS, ARMS, LEGS, & FEET SHOWN IN PROFILE
SHOULDERS & EYES ARE SEEN FROM FRONTAL VIEW
SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF PERSON BURIED IN THE TOMB ARE PAINTED ON THE WALLS.
SCENES INTENDED TO REMIND THE SPIRIT OF ITS LIFE ON EARTH

8. ARTWORK MORE REALISTIC THAN EGYPTIAN
MESOPOTAMIA
REGION WAS A CRESCENT OF LAND BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS-VERY FERTILE LAND
SUMERIANS DEVELOPED FIRST SYSTEM OF WRITING CALLED CUNEIFORM-MADE UP OF WEDGE SHAPED CHARACTERS
ARTWORK MORE REALISTIC THAN EGYPTIAN

9. CHINA ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION IN YELLOW RIVER VALLEY
STILL EXISTS TODAY
THE OLDEST CONTINOUS CULTURE IN HISTORY OF WORLD
FIRST DYNASTY WAS SHANG DYNASTY
CAST-BRONZE WORK FROM THIS 13TH CENTURY CIVILIZATION EXISTS
ADOPTED BUDDHISM DURING HAN DYNASTY (206BC-220AD)
BELIEVED COULD CAPTURE BEAUTY OF A SUBJECT BETTER DUE TO LONG PERIODS OF MEDITATION
PAINTINGS WERE MADE ON SILK OR PARCHMENT SCROLLS
MADE RELIGIOUS SCULPTURES & TO HONOR THE DEAD
BEGAN CREATING CLAY SCULPTURES DURING SUNG DYNASTY
TOMBS OF CLAY SCULPTURES ARE STILL BEING DISCOVERED

10. INDIA JAPAN STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY HINDU AND BUDDHIST RELIGIONS
BUILT TEMPLES OF STONE
JAPAN
ALSO ADOPTED BUDDHISM
UNTIL END OF 9TH CENTURY JAPANESE ARTISTS COPIED CHINESE STYLES & OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
PAINTINGS & PRINTMAKING –SCENES OF WAR, EVERYDAY LIFE, COURT LIFE, & NATURE.

11. SLIDES SLIDE#1 LASCAUX CAVE PAINTING HORSE PREHISTORIC ART
estimated to be 16,000 years old

12. SLIDE #2 Detail of “DAVID” by MICHELANGELO ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1504
Carrara Marble Florence, Galleria dell'Accademia

13. SLIDE #3 DONETELLO ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata
(1445–1450)
Piazza del Santo, Padua

14. SLIDE #4 Mona Lisa (Italian: La Gioconda, French:La Joconde)
Leonardo da Vinci,
c. 1503–1506
Oil on poplar
77 × 53 cm, 30 × 21 in
Musée du Louvre, Paris
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

15. SLIDE #5 Artemisia Gentileschi Judith and her Maidservant (1613-14)
Oil on canvas
Palazzo Pitti, Florence
ITALIAN BAROQUE

16. ART OF ANCIENT GREECE DORIC STYLE ARCHITECTURE
The Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.

17. ART OF ANCIENT GREECE IONIC STYLE ARCHITECTURE
The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.

18. ART OF ANCIENT GREECE CORINTHIAN STYLE ARCHITECTURE
The Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves.

19. Doric Order:
Parthenon - temple of Athena Parthenos ("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC

20. Ionic Order:
Erechtheum - temple from the middle classical period of Greek art and architecture, built on the Acropolis of Athens between 421 and 405BC.

21. Corinthian Order:
- most ornate of the classic orders of architecture. It was also the latest, not arriving at full development until the middle of the 4th cent. B.C. The oldest known example, however, is found in the temple of Apollo at Bassae (c.420 B.C.). The Greeks made little use of the order; the chief example is the circular structure at Athens known as the choragic monument of Lysicrates ( 335 B.C.). The temple of Zeus at Athens (started in the 2d cent. B.C. and completed by Emperor Hadrian in the 2d cent. A.D.) was perhaps the most notable of the Corinthian temples.

22. Discobolos, Ancient Greek Statue Classical Art (480 - 323 BC)
was created during a "golden age", from the time Athens rose to prominence and Greek expansion, right up until the death of Alexander the Great. The Classical age could be seen as a turning point in art and produced some of the most exquisite sculptures known today. It was during this age that sculptors had mastered marble and began creating statues that showed joyous freedom of movement and expression, while celebrating mankind as an independent entity (atomo).

23. The Hellenistic Era (323 - 31 BC)
began around the death of Alexander the Great and ended with the battle of Actium in 31 BC.
Artists turned to a more experimental movement and a sense of freedom that allowed the artist to explore his subjects from different unique points of view.
Charioteer of Delphi

24. ANCIENT ROME The great copycats
Traditional Roman sculpture is divided into five categories: portraiture, historical relief, funerary reliefs, sarcophagi, and copies of ancient Greek works.
It is only thanks to some Roman copies that a knowledge of Greek originals is preserved. One example of this is at the British Museum, where an intact 2nd century A.D. Roman copy of a statue of Venus is displayed, while a similar original 500 B.C. Greek statue at the Louvre is missing her arms.

25. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE The Pantheon, Colosseum & Aqueducts
It was in the area of architecture that Roman art produced its greatest innovations.
Roman engineers developed methods for city building on a grand scale, including the use of concrete.

26. Onto the Middle Ages 476 AD-1400 AD Early Middle ages
Also called the “Age of Faith”
Christian religion was important force
Monasteries built
Churches grew in size and political importance
Architecture: Romanesque style
Massive size
Solid heavy walls
Wide use of Roman arch
Many Sculptural
decorations
Dominant style until 12th century (1100’s)

27. Examples of Romanesque Churches
Spain
Wiltshire, England

28. Illuminated Texts & Paintings
Historiated Initials
Illuminated Bible
Close-up

29. More art of Middle Ages
Jaharis Lectionary, ca Byzantine (Constantinople) Tempera, ink, and gold leaf on parchment, leather binding; 14 1/2 x 11 5/8 x 4 7/8 in. (36.8 x 29.6 x 12.4 cm) Purchase, Mary and Michael Jaharis Gift and Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 2007 ( )
Situla (Bucket for Holy Water), ca. 860–880 Carolingian; From the Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Crannenburg, Germany, possibly made in Reims, northern France Ivory with copper alloy gilt mounts and inlays; 8 1/2 x 5 1/8 in. (21.6 x 13 cm) Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917 ( )

30. 12 th Century (Middle Ages)
More people moved from country into cities
Skilled workers created guilds
Apprentices learned from masters
New wealthy middle class, city pride & religious faith led to building huge Cathedrals
2 big developments:
The Pointed Arch
Flying Buttresses
Brought changes in Architecture: new style: GOTHIC

31. Gothic Cathedrals Largest architecture since Egyptian Pyramids
Used Stained Glass windows to allow light into churches
Light was a rich glowing color due to the many colors in the stained glass windows
Gothic sculpture & painting less stylized more realistic
Religious scenes painted on church altars with egg tempera paint and gold leaf

32. Cathedral of Notre Dame
South side view of Notre Dame
Stained Glass Window from Notre Dame

33. Renaissance –is the name of the period of awakening at the end of the Middle Ages
The beginning of the Renaissance is marked by:
Invention of printing press
Exploration of the Americas
New interest in the art of ancient Greece and Rome
During Middle Ages artists worked for the church- During Renaissance artists work for themselves and greats such as Michelangelo, Da Vinci, & Raphael mingled with Kings and Nobles.
In painting & sculpture the solid realistic appearance of people and objects became important.

34. Linear Perspective
Filippo Brunelleschi, an architect, developed technique called linear perspective—a graphic system that creates the illusion of depth and volume on a flat surface.
This system enabled artists to show figures and objects in space.
Rules of perspective made placement of objects & depiction of mass, measurable and exact.
This gave the illusion of reality to art works!

35. Art of Islam Decorative Interior of mosques decorated with
ornate calligraphy
Geometric patterns
Stylized plants & flowers
Pictures of people or animals not allowed
Book illustrators were limited by these restrictions
Depicted everyday scenes
Beautiful, decorative patterns
Nushirvan Eating the Food Brought by the Sons of Mahbud(?): From the Great Mongol Shahnama (Book of Kings), 1330s Iran, probably Tabriz Ink, colors, and gold on paper; 8 1/4 x 9 3/8 in. (21 x 25 cm) Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1952 ( )

36. Art of Native Americas
People of North, Central & South Americas had well- organized civilizations by the time explorers arrived
Mimbres/Salado culture Cache of Ritual Figures
North American, New Mexico, Cliff Valley area c Wood, stone, turquoise, feathers, fiber, cotton, and earth pigments h. 63 cm
Major Acquisitions Centennial Fund, c (Art Institute of Chicago)

37. Art of Native Americas
Nazca culture Vessel Depicting Composite Fish, Feline, and Human Figure Peru 59/200 Ceramic h cm x w cm Kate S. Buckingham Endowment, View enlargement
The image painted on this vessel is one of the most common in the repertoire of the Nazca people, who inhabited the south of Peru from around 200 B.C. to 600 A.D. The image is a pictogram combining abstracted human and animal features to form a new, fantastic creature. The face of this figure combines human and feline traits, reminiscent of Olmec art from the Mexican Gulf coast. The figure is wearing a catlike mask with large whiskers, a crown, and dangling discs. There are also signs of war and rulership, such as the trophy head and baton in the figure’s hands.
Peru 59/200 Ceramic h.
18.56 cm x w cm
Kate S. Buckingham Endowment,
Art institute of Chicago

39. Art of Africa
Found in north central Nigeria off the edge of the Jos plateau.
The oldest known example of terracotta sculpture in Africa, south of the Sahara.
Dates from B.P  (500 BC to 200 AD).
Wide diversity of subject matter depicted with considerable variation in style, treatment and scale.
Highly skilled in the creation of full-length human figures.
The head is almost life-size and was part of a
full-length figure.  Elaborate hairstyle has buns
with holes. 

40. Art of Africa Some Stylistic Characteristics of Nok Art:
Elaborate coiffure.
Cylindrical heads.
Pierced eyes, nose, mouth, and ears.
Semi-circular/Triangular eyes and lids.
Ears set back, often low and small.
Flared nostrils.

41. Ife Culture (Africa)
Art comes from archaeological sites found in western Nigeria.
Consists of objects made from terracotta, bronze, and stone.
Objects date B.P (1000 and 1500 A.D).
Believed to be created for the ruling elite.
Idealized naturalism.
Full length figures and busts are common.
Figures are sometimes heavily beaded.
Bronze (Leaded  brass) bust of Ife ruler
from B.P. ( A.D).  Mustache and
beard or beaded veil may have been attached to the
holes around the mouth, chin and jaw.
Idena (gatekeeper). 
Has iron nails in its coiffure and elaborately tied sash. 

42. Art of Native Australia
Art and decoration is an integral part of tradition life to the Aboriginal culture. Art is the lifeblood of their communities, connecting them to the past, the present and to each other. Inspiration for much of the art comes from religious and ceremonial aspects of life.
early Aborigines used only earth colours, naturally occurring pigments in the soil that produced reds, browns, and yellow ochres.
In some areas people and animals were depicted ‘X-ray’ style, showing their inner skeleton and organs.
The surface around the main designs and figures were densely hatched, dotted, and patterned - areas were rarely left blank.
Stencils, frequently of hands, are found in all rock-painting areas and were produced by placing an object against the rock wall and then blowing a mouthful of paint over it.

43. Baroque 1600-1700 Artemisia Gentileschi Rembrandt Caravaggio
Baroque painters, sculptors, and architects sought to portray emotion, variety, and movement in their works by appealing to the senses.

44. Rococo
is a style of 18th century French art and interior design. Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings.
some critics used the term to derogatively imply that the style was frivolous or merely modish
The Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria)

45. Neoclassicism
(sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome).
At the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, William Henry Playfair employs a Greek Doric octastyle portico.
Oath of the Horatii Jacques-Louis David, 1784 Oil on canvas 326 × 420 cm Louvre, Paris

46. 1800-1850 Romanticism Realism Gustave Courbet John Singer Sargent
is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement .
placed new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and awe
Thomas Cole
Eugene Delacroix
Casper David Friedrich
Francisco Goya
J.M.W. Turner
in the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation.
Gustave Courbet
John Singer Sargent
Madame X
John Singer Sargent, 1884
Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, × inches, 1818, Oil on canvas, Kunsthalle Hamburg

47. Pre-Raphaelites
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre- Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, John Everett Millais, Frederic George Stephens, Thomas Woolner and William Holman Hunt.
They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art.
The Hireling Shepherd
1851
WILLIAM HOLMAN HUNT

48. 1875-1900 IMPRESSIONISM POST-IMPRESSIONISM CLAUDE MONET MARY CASSATT
PAUL CEZANNE
EDGAR DEGAS
PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR
VINCENT VAN GOGH
PAUL GAUGUIN
PAUL CEZANNE
HENRI ROUSSEAU

49. POINTILISM George Seurat
is a style of painting in which small distinct points of primary colors create the impression of a wide selection of secondary and intermediate colors.

50. 1900-1950 ABSTRACTION FAUVISM CUBISM FUTURISM DADA SURREALISM
MONDRIAN & MIRO
MATISSE
PICASSO & BRAQUES
JOSEPH STELLA
DUCHAMP
DALI

51. 1950-2000 Abstract Expressionism POP ART OP ART JACKSON POLLACK
ANDY WARHOL
MC ESCHER
JOSEPH ALBERS
WILLIEM DE KOONING
MARC ROTHKO
FRANK STELLA