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2. B ELL R INGER Write a paragraph using complete sentences: Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between primary sources and secondary sources.

6. B ELL R INGER Name the 7 continents of the world. Which continent is the largest?

7. B ELL R INGER 1.According to the chart, how many years went by from the Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age? 2.How many years went by from the New Stone Age to when the first civilizations began to emerge?

8. T HE F IRST H UMANS Earliest humanlike creatures lived in Africa 3-4 million years ago Hominids: humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright Neanderthals: first found in Germany 100,000 years ago Stone tools First to bury dead

9. P ALEOLITHIC A GE 2,500,000 to 10,000 B.C. 95% of all human existence occurs during this period Paleolithic is Greek for “old stone”

10. P ALEOLITHIC P EOPLES People of this time were hunter-gatherers and nomads Nomad: people who moved from place to place who hunted animals and gathered wild plants for survival stone tools First used fire Cave paintings

11. N EOLITHIC R EVOLUTION Also known as the Agricultural Revolution 10,000 years ago Neolithic is Greek for “new stone”

12. N EOLITHIC A GE Change from hunter- gatherers to farmers Systematic agriculture: the keeping of animals and growing food on a regular basis Domestication: adaptation of plants and animals for human use Animals used for meat, milk, wool, and work Rise of permanent settlements

13. E MERGENCE OF C IVILIZATION Civilizations grew because of permanent farming villages Civilization: complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements Increase in food production population boom Cities

14. B ELL R INGER 1. Between what latitudes did the earliest farming develop? 2. What geologic, geographic, and climatic factors influenced the development of farming?

15. G ROUP A CTIVITY In groups of 3, use a Venn Diagram to compare the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. Your group will present the material to the class.

16. M ESOPOTAMIA Means “land between the rivers” Valley of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Rich soil and abundant crops

17. MESOPOTAMIA Sumerians created the first city-states (cities that came to have political and economic control over the surrounding countryside)

18. B ABYLON Empire created by Hammurabi. Empire: a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories

19. T HE C ODE OF H AMMURABI Code of law based on a system of strict justice The principal of retaliation (Eye for an eye) Citizens were held accountable Marriage contracts Patriarchal: society dominated by men

20. S UMERIANS Created cuneiform- wedge shaped system of writing (wedge-shaped writing on clay tablets) Created the wagon wheel, potter’s wheel, sundials, and the arches used in construction

21. E GYPT Menes: King that united Lower and Upper Egypt (3,100 b.c.) Created the first Egyptian royal dynasty Dynasty: family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family Three Time periods: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom

22. E GYPT Old Kingdom: Pharaohs: Egyptian monarchs pyramids were tombs for the mummified bodies of pharaohs and their families Middle Kingdom: 150 years of chaos

23. E GYPT New Kingdom: began with the Hyksos invading Egypt (ruled for 100 years) The Hyksos used horse-drawn chariots and overwhelmed the Egyptian soldiers, who used donkey carts The Egyptians learned to use bronze in making of farm tools and weapons Egyptians began using horse-drawn war chariots

24. E GYPT Hieroglyphics: system of writing which used both pictures and abstract forms Used for business transactions, record keeping, and general needs of everyday life

25. T HE I SRAELITES Led out of captivity in Egypt by Moses Lived in Israel Jerusalem = Capital City Practiced Judaism Yahweh: the Creator of the world and everything in it Monotheistic: the belief in one god

26. I NDIA Aryan peoples settled around the Indus River (1,500 B.C.) Caste System: set of rigid social categories that determined a person’s place in society Brahmans: priestly class (top of society) Varna: warriors Sudras: peasants, artisans, and laborers (most of population) Untouchables: 5% of society that were given degrading tasks. Not considered human, and were considered harmful to society

27. H INDUISM Began in India Reincarnation: belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death. Karma: the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life

28. B UDDHISM Originated from Siddhartha Gautama Denied the reality of the material world Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path All human beings could reach Nirvana as a result of their behavior in this life

29. T HE S ILK R OAD Trading routes that covered a distance of about 4,000 miles Used camels to transport goods through the mountains and deserts Trade of luxury goods (silk and spices)

30. C HINA Kings ruled by Mandate of Heaven: heaven gave them the right to rule Great Wall of China: built to keep nomads out Confucianism: the key to proper behavior was duty and humanity Duty = Work ethic Humanity = compassion for others