1. Slide 1 DeathsCause of Death Tobacco use 442,000 Excess weight Accidents Alcohol use Infectious disease Pollutants/toxins Suicides Homocides 400,000 101,500 (43,450 auto) 85,000 75,000 (14,200 from AIDS) 55,000 30,600 20,622 Figure 19-1 Page 409 Illegal drug use 17,000

2. Slide 2 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Hazard identification What is the hazard? Probability of risk How likely is the event? Consequences of risk What is the likely damage? Risk AssessmentRisk Management Comparative risk analysis How does it compare with other risks? Risk reduction How much should it be reduced? Risk reduction strategy How will the risk be reduced? Financial commitment How much money should be spent? Figure 19-2 Page 410

3. Slide 3 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Very sensitive Majority of population Very insensitive 020406080 Dose (hypothetical units) Number of individuals affected Figure 19-3 Page 411

4. Slide 4 DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm DDT in water 0.000003 ppm, Or 3 ppt Figure 19-4 Page 411

5. Slide 5 LD50 0481216 Dose (hypothetical units) Percentage of population killed by a given dose Figure 19-5 Page 413 141062 25 50 75 100

6. Slide 6 Table 9-1 Toxicity Ratings and Average Lethal Doses for Humans Toxicity Rating Supertoxic Extremely toxic Very toxic Toxic Moderately toxic Slightly toxic Essentially nontoxic LD50 (milligrams per kg of body weight)* Less than 0.01 Less than 5 5–50 50–500 500–5,000 5,000–15,000 15,000 or greater Examples Nerve gases, botulism toxin, mushroom toxins, dioxin (TCDD) Potassium cyanide, heroin, atropine, parathion, nicotine Mercury salts, morphine, codeine Lead salts, DDT, sodium hydroxide, sodium fluoride, sulfuric acid, caffeine, carbon tetrachloride Methyl (wood) alcohol, ether, phenobarbital, amphetamines (speed), kerosene, aspirin Ethyl alcohol, Lysol, soaps Water, glycerin, table sugar Average Lethal Dose† Less than 1 drop Less than 7 drops 7 drops to 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce 1 ounce to 1 pint 1 pint to 1 quart More than 1 quart Table 19-1 Page 413 *Dosage that kills 50% of individuals exposed †Amounts of substances in liquid form at room temperature that are lethal when given to a 70.4-kg (155-pound) human

7. Slide 7 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Effect Dose Nonlinear dose-response Linear dose-response No threshold Effect Threshold level Dose Figure 19-6 Page 414

8. Slide 8 Hormone Receptor Cell Normal Hormone ProcessHormone MimicHormone Blocker Estrogen-like chemicalAntiandrogen chemical Figure 19-7 Page 417

9. Slide 9 Figure 19-8 Page 419 Viruses HIV (AIDS) Hepatitis B Smallpox Ebola On this scale, a human hair would be 6 meters (20 feet) wide 1 micrometer Bacteria Vibrio cholerae (cholera) Myobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis) Treponema pallidum (syphilis) 6 micrometers Protozoa Plasmodium (malaria) 10 micrometers

10. Slide 10 Figure 19-9a Page 420 Painful and sometimes fatal. Carried by four related viruses and strikes during rainy season. 2.5 million people at risk; 50 million new cases a year. Dengue Fever

11. Slide 11 Figure 19-9b Page 420 Endemic in more than 100 countries. Caused by four protozoa species. 270–500 million new cases and 1 million deaths per year. Malaria

12. Slide 12 Figure 19-9c Page 420 Dreaded far more than 400 years. Viral disease that causes symptoms from mild to severe illness and death. 200,000 new cases and 30,000 deaths a year. Yellow Fever

13. Slide 13 Figure 19-10a Page 421 Genetic material Surface proteins

14. Slide 14 Figure 19-10b Page 421 The viral genetic material uses the host cell's DNA to replicate again and again. Each new copy of the virus directs the cell to make it a protein shell. The new viruses emerge from the host cell capable of infecting other cells. This process often destroys the first cell. The virus attaches to the host cell. The entire virus may enter or it may inject its genetic material, or genome. Virus Cell membrane Host cell New viruses

15. Slide 15 Figure 19-11 Page 421 Disease (type of agent) 3.2 million Pneumonia and flu (bacteria and viruses) HIV/AIDS (virus) Diarrheal diseases (bacteria and viruses) Tuberculosis (bacteria) Malaria (protozoa) Hepatitis B (virus) Measles (virus) Deaths per year 3.0 million 1.9 million 1.7 million 1 million 800,000

16. Slide 16 Deaths per 100,000 people <2.5 2.5-10 10-35 35-70 70-100 100+ Figure 19-12 Page 422

17. Slide 17 Figure 19-13 Page 424 12040200 100+ 95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 MaleFemale Population (thousands) Age With AIDS 608010 20100120806040 Without AIDS

18. Slide 18 Figure 19-14 Page 425 Anopheles mosquito (vector) in aquatic breeding area 1. Female mosquito bites infected human, ingesting blood that contains Plasmodium gametocytes 4. Parasite invades blood cells, causing malaria and making infected person a new reservoir 3. Mosquito injects Plasmodium sporozoites into human host 2. Plasmodium develops in mosquito eggs larva pupa adult

19. Slide 19 Solutions Infectious Diseases Increase research on tropical diseases and vaccines Reduce poverty Decrease malnutrition Improve drinking water quality Reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics Educate people to take all of an antibiotic prescription Reduce antibiotic use to promote livestock growth Careful hand washing by all medical personnel Immunize children against major viral diseases Oral rehydration for diarrhea victims Global campain to reduce HIV/AIDS Figure 19-15 Page 426

20. Slide 20 Agent Smallpox (virus) Hemorrhagic fever (viruses) Inhalation anthrax (bacterium) Botulism (bacterium) Pneumonic plague (bacterium) Tularemia (bacterium) Contagious Yes No Yes No Figure 19-16 Page 427 Symptoms Fever, aches, headache, red spots on face and torso Vary but include fever, bleeding, shock, and coma Fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, respiratory failure Blurred vision, progressive paralysis, death within 24 hours if not treated High fever, chills, headache, coughing blood, difficulty breathing, respiratory failure Fever, sore throat, weakness, respiratory stress, pneumonia Mortality (if untreated) 30% Varies 90–100% 60–100% 90–100% 30–60% Existence of vaccine Yes No Yes No Yes (in testing) Treatment Vaccination within 4 days after exposure, IV hydration Ebola has no cure, antiviral riboflavin and some antibiotics may help Early treatment with Cipro and other antibiotics Equine antitoxin given early. Intensive care, respirator Antibiotics

21. Slide 21 Figure 19-17 Page 428 Comparative Risk Analysis Most Serious Ecological And Health Problems High-Risk Health Problems Indoor air pollution Outdoor air pollution Worker exposure to industrial or farm chemicals Pollutants in drinking water Pesticide residues on food Toxic chemicals in consumer products High-Risk Ecological Problems Global climate change Stratospheric ozone depletion Wildlife habitat alteration and destruction Species extinction and loss of biodiversity Medium-Risk Ecological Problems Add deposition Pesticides Airborne toxic chemicals Toxic chemicals, nutrients, and sediment in surface waters Low-Risk Ecological Problems Oil spills Groundwater pollution Radioactive isotopes Acid runoff to surface waters Thermal pollution

22. Slide 22 Figure 19-18 Page 429 Cause of DeathAnnual Deaths 11 million (75) Poverty/malnutrition/ disease cycle Tobacco Pneumonia and flu Air pollution HIV/AIDS Diarrhea TB Auto accidents Work-related injury and disease Malaria Hepatitis B Measles 5 million (34) 3.2 million (22) 3 million (21) 1.9 million (13) 1.7 million (12) 1.2 million (8) 1.1 million (8) 1 million (7) 800,000 (75)

23. Slide 23 Figure 19-19 Page 430 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning 7-10 years Poverty Born male Smoking Overweight (35%) Unmarried Overweight (15%) Spouse smoking Driving Air pollution Alcohol Drug abuse AIDS Drowning Pesticides Fire Natural radiation Medical X rays Oral contraceptives Toxic waste Flying Hurricanes, tornadoes Living lifetime near nuclear plant 6-10 years 5 years 2 years 1 year 7 months 5 months 4 months 3 months 2 months 1 month 8 days 5 days 4 days 1 day 10 hours Flu Air Pollution 6 years 5 months 1 month 7.5 years Hazard Shortens average life span in the United States by

24. Slide 24 Click to view animation. Animation HIV replication animation.