1. Chapter Five Socialization
Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identify and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. The content of socialization differs greatly from society to society.

2. Human Development: Biology and Society
Every human being is a product of biology, society , and personal experiences, or heredity and environment.
Sociobiology is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior

3. Social Isolation
Social environment is a crucial part of an individual’s socialization; people need social contact with other in order to develop properly.
Researchers have attempted to demonstrate the effects of social isolation on non-human primates that are raised without contact with other of their own species

4. Social Isolation
Isolated children illustrate the importance of socialization
The most frequent for of child maltreatment is child neglect

5. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective
Human behavior and personality originate from subconscious forces within the individual
At this time biological explanations for human behavior were prevalent
An era of extreme sexual repression and male dominance

6. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective
Freud’s theory based on the notion that people have two basic tendencies
The urge to survive
The urge to procreate

8. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Freud and the Psychoanalytical Perspective
Human Development Occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality
The id is the component of the personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratifications
The ego is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id
The superego, or conscience consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality

9. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Piaget and Cognitive Theory of Human Development
In each state of human development children’s activities are governed by their perceptions of the world around them
When age appropriate tasks are complete, new mental abilities allow the the transition the the next stage

11. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Piaget and Cognitive Theory of Human Development
Four Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2) children develop object permanence
Preoperational (2-7) children develop ability to use words are mental symbols and to form mental images
Concrete Operational (7-11) children learn to reason and take the role of the other
Formal Operational (12-adolescence) children develop the ability to think in highly abstract thought

12. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Piaget and Cognitive Theory of Human Development
Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory
Does not address individual differences
Says little about cultural differences
Does not address how gender impacts cognitive development

13. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Kohlberg and stages of Moral Development
Presented subjects with moral dilemmas to learn about moral reasoning
Preconventional (7-10) punishment and obedience
Conventional (10-adulthood) peer approval and conformity to rules
Postconventional (few adults reach this stage) individual and human rights that transcend government and laws

14. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Kohlberg and stages of Moral Development
Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Some Challenge the universality of his stages
Use of moral dilemmas too abstract for children

15. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Gilligan’s View on Gender and Moral Development
Her theory is based on a critical response to Kohlberg’s methodology and findings
Kohlberg used men in his study—production biased results

16. Social Psychological Theories of Human Development
Gilligan found differences in the ways that men and women think about moral problems
Female Moral Development in three stages
Motivated by selfish concerns
Recognizes responsibility in others
Makes decisions based on desire to do good for herself and others

17. Sociological Theories of Human Development
Cooley and the Looking Glass Self – sense of self is developed from the perceptions of others through a three step process
We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people
We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality we think we represent
We develop a self-concept

19. Sociological Theories of Human Development
George Herbert Meade linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking—the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that person’s point of view

20. Sociological Theories of Human Development
G. H. Meade
Significant Others are those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important the the development of the self; these individuals are extremely important in the socialization process

21. Sociological Theories of Human Development
G. H. Meade
Mead divided the self into the “I” and “me”
“I” is the subjective element of the self that represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person
“me” is the objective element of self, which is composed of he internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual’s awareness of those demands

22. G. H. Meade outlined three stages of self-development
Preparatory stage – children largely imitate the people around them
Play stage (3-5) – children learn to use language and other symbols, thus making it possible for them to pretend to take the roles of specific people
Game stage – children understand not only their own social position but also the positions of those around them.
At this time the child develop a generalized other – an awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture.

23. Sociological Theories of Human Development
Interactionist theories such as Meade’s and Cooley’s contribute to how the self develops….but
These theories do not take into account differences in people’s experiences based on race, ethnicity, class, religion, gender or other social factors

24. Self-Concept and Child Maltreatment
Child maltreatment occurs when there is an extreme imbalance in positive and negative social interactions
Dynamic interplay between social factors related to past events and present situations

25. Agents of Socialization
Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. These are the most pervasive agents of socialization in childhood

26. The Family as an Agent of Socialization
The family is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.
Functionalists emphasize that families are the primary locus of procreation and socialization of children, as well as the primary source of emotional support
To a large extent the family is where we acquire our specific social positions in society
Conflict theorist stress that socialization reproduces class structure in the next generation

30. Schools as Agents of Socialization
Schools have played an increasingly important role in the socialization process as the amount of specialized technical and scientific knowledge has expanded rapidly
Schools teach specific knowledge and skills and they also have a profound effect on a child’s self-image, beliefs and values

31. Schools as Agents of Socialization
From a functionalist perspective schools are responsible for:
Socialization—teaching students to be productive members of society
Transmission of culture
Social control and personal development
The selection, training, and placement of individuals on different rungs in society

32. Schools as Agents of Socialization
According to Conflict Theorists much of what happens at schools is a hidden curriculum
Working class and low income children learn to be neat, on time, wait their turn, and remain attentive to work
These are attributes that make them more easily manipulated in the workforce

33. Peer Groups as Agents of Socialization
A peer group is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social positions, and (usually) a similar age
Peer groups function as agents of socialization by contributing to our sense of belonging and our feelings of self-worth
Individuals must earn their acceptance with their peers by meeting the group’s demands for high level of conformity to its own norms, attitudes, speech, and dress codes

34. Mass Media as an Agent of Socialization
The mass media function as socialization agents for children and adults in several ways:
They inform us about events
They introduce us to a wide variety of people
They provide an array of viewpoints on current issues
They make us aware of products and services that if we purchase them, supposedly will help us to be accepted by others
They entertain us by providing the opportunity to live vicariously

35. Mass Media as an Agent of Socialization
Television is the most pervasive form of media
98% of all homes in the U.S. have at least on television set.
There is some evidence that television is potentially harmful to:
Literacy
Rampant consumerism
Increases in violence and violent crime

36. Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Socialization
Gender socialization is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female of male in a specific group or society
Families, Schools, and sports tend to reinforce traditional gender roles

37. Gender Socialization

38. Gender Socialization

39. Gender Socialization

40. Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Socialization
Racial Socialization is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status as it relates to:
Personal and group identity
Inter-group and inter-individual relationships
Position in social hierarchy

42. Socialization Throughout the Life Course
Socialization is a lifelong process, each time we experience a change in status, we learn a new set of rules, roles, and relationships
Even before we enter a new status, we often participate in anticipatory socialization – the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.
The most common categories of age are infancy, childhood, adolescences, and adulthood (young, middle, old)

43. Socialization Throughout the Life Course
During infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child’s developing self-concept
Some families reflect the discrepancy between cultural ideals and reality where children grow up in settings of fear, danger and risks that are created by parental neglect, emotional maltreatment, or premature economic and sexual demands

44. Socialization Throughout the Life Course
Anticipatory socialization for adult roles often is associated with adolescence, however, some young people may plunge in adult responsibilities at this time

45. Socialization Throughout the Life Course
In early adulthood (until about 40) people work toward their won goals of creating meaningful relationships with others, finding employment, seeking personal fulfillment. Occupational Socialization has 4 phases:
Career choice
Anticipatory socialization
Conditioninign and commitment
Continous commitment

46. Socialization Throughout the Life Course
Between the ages of 40 & 60 people enter middle adulthood and many begin to compare their accomplishments with their earlier expectations.
In older adulthood some people are quite happy and content, other are not:
Difficult changes in attitudes and behavior may occur in the last years of life when people experience decreased physical ability and social devaluation

47. Late adulthood is a time when many people experience ageism, prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age
Negative images contribute to the view that women are older ten or fifteen years sooner than men
Many buffer themselves against ageism by continuing to view themselves as being in middle adulthood
It is important to note that everyone does not go through these passages or stages and that race, ethnicity, class and gender strongly influence these stages

49. Resocialization
Resocialization is the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values ,and behaviors from the ones previously held.
Voluntary Resocialization – occurs when we enter a new status of our own free will
Involuntary Resocialization – occurs against a persons wishers an generally takes place within a total institution

50. Socialization in the Future
Families are likely to remain the institution that most fundamentally shapes and nurtures personal values and self-identity
Parents increasingly feel overburdened by this responsibility, especially without societal support, such as high-quality day care and some education on parenting skills
A central issue facing parents and teachers as they socialize children is the growing dominance of the media and other forms of technology.