1. World War II US Involvement: Beginning to Peace

2. Events Leading to WWII 1918 – Germany surrenders ending WWI 1919 – Treaty of Versailles 1922 – Mussolini becomes Italy’s dictator 1923 - Hitler writes Mein Kampf 1924 – Stalin rises to power

3. Events Leading to WWII 1929 – World Wide Depression leads to rise of dictators 1930 – Japan invades Manchuria 1932 – Japan invades Shanghai –US condemns (Open Door Policy) but stays isolated

4. Events Leading to WWII 1933 – Hitler gains power in Germany Begins operation of Dachau 1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia > US passes 1 st Neutrality Act Hitler rearms the Rhineland –Axis Powers formed (Germany / Italy) –2 nd Neutrality Act passed by the US

5. Events Leading to WWII 1937 – Japan invades China > US issues 3 rd Neutrality Act 1938 – Germany annexes Austria > Munich Pact is signed (appeasement towards Hitler) Neville Chamberlain: 'Peace for Europe' - CBC ArchivesNeville Chamberlain: 'Peace for Europe' - CBC Archives

6. Events Leading to WWII 1939 – Hitler invades Poland – start of WWII 1940 – Japan joins Axis powers> US starts draft 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor > US enters war

7. Allies

8. Allied Leaders US : FDR / Truman / MacArthur / Eisenhower Great Britain: Winston Churchill USSR: Josef Stalin France: Charles de Gaulle

9. Axis Powers

10. Axis Powers Leaders Germany: Hitler Italy: Mussolini Japan: Emperor Hirohito / General Tojo

11. Major Events in Europe 1939: Germany invades Poland with blitzkrieg 1940: France falls to Nazis. Battle of Britain – air raids known as the blitz 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union – breaks the non-aggression pact

12. Major Events in Europe 1942-43: Battle of Stalingrad – turning point because Russian soldiers start marching west 1943: Allied troops defeat Axis armies in North Africa (Called Operation Torch) July 1943: Italy invaded by Allies

13. Events in Europe June 6, 1944: Allied invasion of Normandy France. The largest such invasion in history –Over 150,000 soldiers –Designed by General Eisenhower –Known as D-Day –Over 11,000 casualties –August, 1944 Paris was liberated and Allies begin their push towards Germany

14. D-Day (Operation Overlord)

15. Events in Europe December 1944: Last German offensive called Battle of the Bulge April 12, 1945: FDR dies April 1945: Allied troops meet at the Elbe River in Germany – Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945: V-E Day –Victory in Europe

16. Problems with Japan The U.S. and Japan had been competing for trading rights and resources in the South Pacific. Japan imported much of its steel and oil from the U.S. The US cut these supplies off(Embargo) to Japan as a protest to the Japanese invasion of China- also sinking of USS Panay

17. Events in the Pacific December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec 8, 1941: US declares war on Japan and enters WWII FDR describes it as “A day that will live in infamy.”

19. Pearl Harbor

21. Events in the Pacific 1941-42: Japan seizes the Philippines MacArthur vows “I shall return” 1942: Battle of Midway 1944-1945: Iwo Jima and Okinawa

22. Events in the Pacific US Island Hopping to main island of Japan Truman told there would be a possiblity the US would lose 1 million troops with a land invasion of Japan Aug 6, 1945: US drops bomb on Hiroshima (Enola Gay : Little Boy) – estimated 100,000 killed instantly Aug 9, 1945: Bombed dropped on Nagasaki (Fat Man) – estimated 80,000 killed instantly

23. Little Boy

24. Distance from Ground Zero (km)KilledInjuredPopulation 0 - 1.088%6%30,900 1.0 - 2.534%29%27,700 2.5 - 5.011%10%115,200 Total22%12%173,800

25. Fat Man

26. Distance from Ground Zero (km)KilledInjuredPopulation 0 -1.086%10%31,200 1.0 - 2.527%37%144,800 2.5 - 5.02%25%80,300 Total27%30%256,300

27. Atomic Bomb Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Reenactment - VideoHiroshima Atomic Bomb Reenactment - Video

28. World War II Diplomacy Atlantic Charter: (1941) peace after the war (Churchill and FDR) Casablanca: (1942) “victory on all fronts”> only unconditional surrender (Churchill and FDR) Cairo: (1943) planning Normandy Teheran Conference: (1943) FDR, Churchill, Stalin >invasion of Germany Yalta: (1945) FDR, Churchill, Stalin > division of Germany Potsdam: (1945) warning Japan to surrender to prevent utter destruction

29. Home front During WWII US was an “arsenal of democracy” Blackout drills/rations –Were afraid of attacks on the US –US was trying to adjust to a war time economy –Needed supplies for the war

30. Home front During WWII War Bonds > people would support the war by giving the gov’t loans In return you got a certificate and a promise to from gov’t to pay back loan with interest

31. Home front During WWII War Production Board / War Labor Board > gov’t agencies to keep production going Women –Found jobs > not forced to return to the home after the war –“Rosie the Riveter” –Women chose to return home after the war (Baby Boom Era)

32. Home front During WWII Also found jobs in the workforce > need to keep production high for the war effort Faced discrimination in both the North and South

33. Home front During WWII Seen as spies Executive Order 9066>100,000 moved to internment camps Korematsu vs. United States –SC ruled FDR had the right to contain Japanese- Americans due to national emergency of WWII and to protect national security

34. Results of the War US and USSR become world powers = Cold War Atomic Age > threat to world peace Nuremberg Trails –1945 & 1946 –25 high level Nazis for “crimes against humanity (Holocaust) –3 acquitted and 12 executed UN –Peace keeping / human rights protection –NYC –Security Council / General Assembly –US does join

35. US After WWII WW II brought the US out of the Great Depression –Several works stoppages after WW II >had to adjust to soldiers coming home and a peace time economy –As a way to help these veterans adjust to civilian life the government created the GI Bill of Rights- buying homes/$$$ college –Taft – Hartley Act > US gov’t could get a court injunction to delay a strike for 80 days if it endangered health or safety of the public

36. US After WW II Election of 1948 –Truman (Democrat) vs. Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) –Truman wins in an upset –Truman’s “Fair Deal” and “New Society” Extension of the New Deal Established low-income housing, raised minimum wage, increased the # of people under the Social Security Act

37. Extension of Civil Rights and Truman National Security Act of 1947 –Form an Air Force –Increased dept of Defenses’ power –Joint Chief of Staff –CIA Segregation and discrimination throughout the US and WWII > Jim Crow laws in the South and de facto segregation in the North Change was coming: –Jackie Robinson, 1947 > 1 st African American to play Major League Baseball –President’s Commission on Civil Rights > informs the public –Executive Order banning segregation in the military –Investigated businesses with contracts with the gov’t that practice segregation

38. Objectives of US After WWII Protect US interests abroad Avoid nuclear war Help other nations (social and economic) Promote democracy Stop communist expansion (Containment) NATO –April, 1949 > 12 nations –“an attack on one would be considered an attack on all” –Member nations would act together in common defense –Anti-communism

39. Policies created as part of Containment Truman Doctrine- USA will aid any nation in Europe to stop the spread of communism. Marshall Plan USA gives $13B aid to Western Europe to rebuild after war, to stop the spread of communism. Central Intelligence Agency- collects intelligence / information about other nations-Spying

41. US After WWII Warsaw Pact Communist Answer to NATO 8 nations 1955 Warsaw Pact Communist answer to NATO 8 nations 1955

42. Churchill claims people in Eastern Europe are forced to live behind an Iron Curtain

44. War Department becomes Defense Department

45. US Foreign Policy During Cold War 1946-1991 Containment - Stopping the spread of Communism

46. First Hot Spot of Cold War Berlin 1948- USSR closes rail and roads into Berlin. The U.S. airlifts supplies for 321 days the USSR ends the blockade in 1949. This would not be the last time Berlin would be a hot spot during the Cold War.

48. Looking for Commie Spies

49. Executing Spies

50. The Korean War 1950-1953 Korea was divided at the 38 th Parallel after WW2- North Communist- South Democratic June 1950- North invades South As part of its Containment Policy the U.S. and United Nations troops attempt to Stop the spread of communism. The goal was to keep the nation divided at the 38 th parallel, and not to involve the Chinese or Russians.

52. Truman Fires MacArthur

53. U.S./U.N. troops push North Korean troops across the 38 th and close in on the Chinese border, causing the Chinese to attack. Chinese troops push U.S./U.N. troops back across 38 th and for 3 years fighting occurs around 38 th. A truce is signed in 1953 ending the war Communism was Contained.

54. Eisenhower’s Election Elected as 1 st republican since 1928 > Nixon was his VP

55. Domestic Policies Growth of Suburbs TV Becomes popular source of entertainment “under God” added to the pledge > importance of religion Ending Segregtaion –Attacking “separate but equal” –Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Brown denied admission to an all white school> violation of 14 th admendment Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” had no place in public education Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson

56. School Integration Governor of Arkansas uses National Guard to stop integration at Little Rock High School Eisenhower took over the National Guard (Commander-in- Chief) and allowed 9 students into high school

57. School Integration

58. More Civil Rights Events Dec 1955 > Rosa Parks = bus integration –Martin Luther King, Jr > civil disobedience –Montgomery Bus Boycott

59. The Warren Court Appointed by Eisenhower, Chief Justice Earl Warren was in power during many landmark(very important) decisions in the 50’s and 60’s: Brown v. Board of Ed Miranda v. Arizona Gideon v. Wainwright Escobedo v. Illinois Tinker v. Des Moines

60. Foreign Policy Continues the policy of Containment- and added the: Eisenhower Doctrine- pledge to aid nations fighting communism in the Middle East. Domino Theory - if one nation “fell” to communism all the nations around it would “fall”-especially in South East Asia/Vietnam

61. Foreign Policy

62. New aggressive policies/threats begin: Brinkmanship- U.S. was willing to go to the brink/edge of nuclear war to show its strength Massive Retaliation- U.S. would use all its nuclear weapons at once if attacked w/just one. Arms Race this led to both sides building up large nuclear arsenals- Mutually Assured Destruction-both sides had enough of these weapons to destroy each other, hoping the other wouldn’t use them-Deterrent

63. New Weapons Hydrogen Bomb- over 1,500x’s more powerful than the bomb’s used on Japan. Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles – Nuclear weapons that travel across continents

64. Cold War continues 1957- Soviets Launch Sputnik- a satellite that orbited the earth-This led to a new emphasis on math and science in American schools. - Us puts Explorer I in orbit in Jan 1958 The U.S. and U.S.S.R. realized how dangerous the situation had become, there was an easing of tensions/Thaw-1958-1960-both sides agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons. U-2 Incident-the thaw ended when a U.S. spy plane was shot down over the U.S.S.R. The Cold War was back!

65. U-2 Incident U-2 Incident-the thaw ended when a U.S. spy plane was shot down over the U.S.S.R. The Cold War was back!

66. Election of 1960 Nixon (Rep) vs. Kennedy (Dem) Close popular vote > electoral 303 to 219 Kennedy became youngest and 1 st Catholic to be elected President