1. The end of Imperialism & Colonialism

2. What We Will Learn Today:
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
What tactics did Gandhi use to gain India independence from Britain?
Why was India partitioned into different countries?
What problems does India face today?

3. India & Pakistan

4. Seeds of Independence:
From the mid-1800's many well educated Indians, Muslim and Hindu alike, studied the democratic principles and nationalist movements of the west
Gandhi in London

5. Indian Independence
Sepoy mutiny: 1st revolt against British colonialism by people of India.

6. 1st organized Independence Groups
Indian National Congress organized in by Hindus
Muslim League organized in 1906
Division between Hindus & Muslims

7. World War I 
British promised Indian soldiers during the war political reforms & Indian self-government
Reforms did not come as Indians expected and many used terrorism and violence against the British to show their anger

8. Amritsar Massacre
Protest of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims gathered in the city of Amritsar 
British said meeting was illegal and opened fire on the unarmed peaceful protest killing 100's and wounding over 1000

9. Effect of the Armistar Massacre
The massacre created a revolutionary Indian nationalist movement

10. Mohandas K. Gandhi
lawyer educated in Great Britain, Gandhi launched a new campaign of non-violent, non-cooperation against the British
civil disobedience or the refusal to obey unjust laws
Satyagraha or "truth force" became the driving force behind the campaign of civil disobedience

11. Gandhi’s Protests
1. Boycott of British made DON’T BUY FROM GBcloth and other goods 2. Homespun movement encouraged Indians to spin their own cloth rather than purchase British cloth 3. Massive strikes shut down British run communications, transportation and businesses

12. Gandhi’s Homespun Movement

14. Salt March
1. Salt Acts= Indians could only buy salt from GB 1. March to protest the Salt Acts whereby Indians could only buy salt through the British government 2. Gandhi led a 240 mile journey to the sea with 1,000’s of followers 3. Gandhi and his followers made own salt 4. GB brutal attack against unarmed protestors at a salt works gained international support for Gandhi

15. Home-Rule to India
In 1935, the Government of India Act was passed granted self-rule and democratic political reforms
As India moved toward Independence, Hindu and Muslims disagreed on the future of its government (Hindus were the majority)

16. 1947, Partition of India
India given independence and immediately partitioned into 2 nations
Pakistan (Muslim majority)
Colonial India
India (Hindu majority)
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)

17. The violence between India & Pakistan began with Partition
1. Millions of refugees fled into India or Pakistan 2. Minorities of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were massacred 3. Bitter rivalries ensued and continue into the 21st century

18. Mohandas Gandhi
With independence came violence between Indian Hindus and Muslims, which led the British to create a Hindu India and a Muslim West and East Pakistan (which would later called Bangladesh).

20. Muslims & Hindus

21. Muslims & Hindus

22. Mohandas Gandhi
The partition began what is known as the “great migration” of over 10 million people. Muslims moved to either Pakistan or Bangladesh, and Hindus moved into India.

23. Mohandas Gandhi
Millions were killed crossing the borders. Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic while marching to bring peace. Today India and Pakistan continue to have tensions over the disputed territory of Kashmir.

24. Death of Gandhi
Mohandas K. Gandhi did not support the partitioning movement and he was assassinated on January 30, by a Hindu extremist

25. India’s 1st Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indian National Congress Party
Tried to unite India
Helped to modernize India
Modernization of agriculture: Green Revolution
More food = more people
Increased urbanization
Increased poverty

26. Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter Accused of corruption
Elected prime minister in 1966
Violently put down a Sikh rebellion
Assassinated by one of her Sikh bodyguards

27. Mother Theresa
Catholic nun tried to ease suffering in Indian city of Calcutta

28. Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1st head of state Died in 1948
Pakistan became a military dictatorship

29. Division of Pakistan
Civil war between East and West Pakistan led to the creation of a new country: Bangladesh

30. British Rule Positive Effects Negative Effects
Roads, railroads, telegraph and postal systems united Indians
Technological advances increased British control over India
The Suez Canal increased trade between Britain and India
Indian resources went to Britain; British goods replaced local goods
Irrigation systems improved farming; medical care improved
Farms grew cash crops instead of food; Indians went hungry
British schools provided education
Top jobs went to the British
Ideas of democracy and constitutional government were born
Indians were treated as inferior to the British
New laws brought peace, order, and equal treatment to all classes; human rights violations were ended
Indians forced to accept European cultural ways: language, money, laws, customs

31. Kashmir

33. Mohandas Gandhi
India is the worlds largest democracy, but during the Cold War India was nonaligned and received help from both sides.
India’s caste system is outlawed by their Constitution, but there is still discrimination. Women now have the right to vote, divorce their husbands, and inherit property.

34. 1st India Pakistan War India & Pakistan went to war in 1947
Cause: Kashmir
Result: Stalemate… militarization of Kashmir

35. 1971; 2nd war India & Pakistan
Cause: India intervened in Pakistan’s civil war
Effect: India won, Bhutto became Prime Minister of Pakistan

36. 1974…
India successfully tested nuclear weapon

37. 1987 Pakistan successfully tested nuclear weapon
Arms race between India & Pakistan

39. Current problems India & Pakistan continue to disagree about Kashmir
Tamil rebels in Southern India are demanding independence
Terrorism & Islamic extremism in Pakistan
Poverty & massive population growth in India
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

40. African Independence

41. Gaining Independence
African colonies demanded independence from their European colonizers following World War II

42. Problems facing independent African Nations
1) Multi-ethnic populations that didn’t get along
2) Tribalism: loyalty to one’s tribe, rather than to a nation or government
3) No experience with democracy meant bad governments or brutal dictatorships
4) Lack of education; illiteracy
5) Lack of infrastructure
6) Disease
7) Old, imperial borders led to Civil war

43. Ghana
(formerly the Gold Coast, a British colony) was led by Kwame Nkrumah 

44. Kwame Nkrumah
Protested for independence using non- violent protests, strikes and boycotts
Jailed by the British
Nkrumah eventually won Ghana's independence in and became its first Prime Minister  

45. Pan-Africanism
Nkrumah worked on Pan-African goals and hoped to create a "United States of Africa" and was the founder of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Black is for black people.  Red shows [that] the blood of an African is the same color as the blood of a European, and green shows [that] when we were given this country by God it was green, fertile, and good

46. Nigeria
formerly a British colony won its independence in but faced great obstacles like many of its African neighbors

47. Nigeria was a multi- ethnic region and attempted to adopt a democratic government and a federal system 
Tribalism and ethnic tensions led to civil war in 1963 between the northern rivals Muslim Hausa and Fulani versus the  Christian Ibo and Yoruba people of the south

48. Civil War
Thirty years of war led to massacres, starvation, the splitting of the nation (Biafra) and an eventual reunification and a military run government

49. 1999
Nigeria held its first democratic elections in decades

50. Kenya
former British colony, won its independence in 1963

51. (not the name of a person, the name of a tribe)
Armed rebellion
Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret society of Kikuyu farmers that used violence to scare the British off their lands

52. Kenya

53. Jomo Kenyatta A freedom fighter who led the Kikuyu people
Kenyatta, although not connected with the Mau Mau Rebellion refused to condemn their methods and was jailed by the British for 7 years

54. By 1963, Kenyatta had become the first Prime Minister of a free and independent Kenya

56. South Africa and Apartheid
independent in 1910,
White MINIORITY  controlled all political power and in
1948 apartheid  separated blacks from whites

58. Enforcing Apartheid
blacks and whites completely seperated could not live together or marry; 
Whites had majority of land were given the best land while the
black majority lived on only 13% of the land 
Separate EVERYTHING transportation systems, separate public restrooms, separate schools, separate neighborhoods

64. Anti-Apartheid Movement
African National Congress (ANC) was formed and worked to end apartheid PEACFULLY by leading strikes, boycotts and public demonstrations

65. The Sharpeville Massacre
One demonstration turned violent and became known as the Sharpeville Massacre, 69 people were killed

68. "Forward to Independence, Tomorrow the United States of Africa”
Sharpeville Massacre
"Forward to Independence, Tomorrow the United States of Africa”
Planned PEACEFUL protest
69 people dead -180 people seriously wounded

69. “saw no weapons, although I looked very carefully, and afterwards studied the photographs of the death scene. While I was there I saw only shoes, hats and a few bicycles left among the bodies. The crowd gave me no reason to feel scared, though I moved among them without any distinguishing mark to protect me, quite obvious with my white skin. I think the police were scared though, and I think the crowd knew it."

70. ANC Leaders Stephen Biko
Beaten to death while in custody for his part in leading protest
 His death was the turning point for apartheid
Nelson Mandela
 Jailed for 27 years
 Became 1st black President of South Africa
Bishop Desmond Tutu
 Won Nobel Peace Prize
 Called on nations to boycott South Africa

71. Nelson Mandela The African National Congress (ANC) fought apartheid.
1950’s launched a campaign of civil disobedience, openly breaking apartheid law.
violent attacks on peaceful protesters.
ANC leaders, among them a black lawyer, Nelson Mandela, now felt that they would have to confront violence with violence. In response, the government banned the ANC.
In 1961, an Afrikaans led government proclaimed South Africa fully independent from Britain and immediately arrested Mandela and other ANC leaders, found them guilty of treason and sentenced them to life jail terms.
Nelson Mandela

72. Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 years in his fight against Apartheid

73. Desmond Tutu Went worldwide putting Apartheid “on blast”
He and others convinced foreign nations and businesses to limit trade and investment in segregated South Africa.
This would be like asking them to place _________________sanctions
1989, F.W. de Klerk elected president of South Africa
Immediately lifted a 30 year ban ANC
NELSON MANDELA FREE AT LAST!!!
1994 1st free election Nelson Mandela ELECTED!
Desmond Tutu
F.W. de Klerk

74. apartheid laws were repealed,
multi-racial free elections took place, and a
new constitution was written based on equality, justice and protected all people from discrimination and guaranteed the rights of all South Africans

75. The End of Apartheid
International pressure and internal unrest led to changes during the mid-1980's
white president F. W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and released activist Nelson Mandela after 27 years in prison

77. What is a human rights violation?

78. Human rights violation AKA mass murder
 Causes?

79. Human rights violation AKA mass murder
 Effects?

80. When was the United Nations created?
“all people are free and equal regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status."
What is the United Nations?
What is the purpose of the United Nations

81. Human Rights Violations in Africa
Rwanda
Sudan (Darfur)

82. Today the Congo Is Experiencing Punishing War!
Michael Kamber for The New York Times
About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a camp on Monday.

83. Young Soldiers & a Victim

84. Dates
Rwanda
1994
Sudan (Darfur)

85. Causes Belgium took over Rwanda from Germans Put Tutsis in charge
Handed out “ethnic identity cards”
Education only open to Tutsis
Hutus could only be laborers or low level workers
Rwanda given independence in 1962
Civil war between Hutus & Tutsis ended with power sharing
President Habyarimana assassinated
Sudan separated into North & South by British
North vs. South civil war
Drought in Sudan caused migration
Ethnic differences between Northern & Southern Sudanese
Dictator of Sudan (Omar Al-Bashir) has encouraged “ethnic cleansing”

86. The Conflict Hutus vs. Tutsis
Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the span of 100 days.
Arab northerners & Janjaweed vs. Southern (darker-skinned) Sudanese
The genocide in Darfur has claimed 400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people.

87. Effect Rwanda is currently trying to reconcile ethnic tensions.
Both Hutus & Tutsis still live in the same country
DISTRUST
Sudanese people voted to split into two separate countries (North & South)
Massacres, displacement, human rights violations continue
Sudan became 2 different countries July 9, 2011

88. The great divide across Sudan is visible even from space, as this Nasa satellite image shows. The northern states are a blanket of desert, broken only by the fertile Nile corridor. South Sudan is covered by green swathes of grassland, swamps and tropical forest.

89. UN Response The UN sent in 2,500 peacekeepers to help Rwanda
They were told not to intervene in the genocide
UN troops fled Rwanda
The UN did not intervene in Sudan

90. Rwanda
A Story of Genocide

91. Background Small African nation
Two ethnic groups lived in Rwanda: Hutus and Tutsis
Generally lived peacefully until the Europeans came

92. Background Hutus Majority - 80% Migrated from southern Africa
Worked as laborers and farmers

93. Background Tutsis Minority - 20% Migrated from Northern Africa (Egypt)
Became the elite and political rulers

94. Background German colony until 1918 (end of WWI) Belgium took it over
Put Tutsis in charge
Handed out “ethnic identity cards”
Education only open to Tutsis
Hutus could only be laborers or low level workers
Background

95. Independence
Once Belgium granted independence in 1962, Hutu majority took control
Over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries and formed a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front.

96. Civil War
In 1990, the rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana into signing an accord mandating that Hutus and Tutsis share power.

97. Escalating Conflict
Ethnic tensions heightened in October 1993 upon the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye
United Nations peacekeeping force of 2,500 was dispatched to preserve the cease- fire

98. Assassination
On April 6, 1994, Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was assassinated when his plane was shot down
Hutu extremists began killing Tutsis

99. United Nations Response
The U.N. Security Council voted unanimously to abandon Rwanda. The remainders of U.N. peacekeeping troops were pulled out, leaving only a tiny force of 200 soldiers for the entire country.

100. Genocide
Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the space of 100 days.

101. Still at Large
Hundreds of men are still wanted in connection with the Rwandan genocide

102. The Darfur Conflict

103. Geography
Darfur1
Sudan in the Region
Sudan in the World

104. Child Rebels
A child fighter in a rebel group stands watch with a U.N. armored vehicle in Bunia, Congo, where there have been reports of rape and cannibalism.

105. Darfur Conflict Who was fighting?
Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from the tribes of the Abbala (camel-herding Arabs)
Non-Baggara people (mostly land-tilling tribes) of the region
Nomadic peoples v. Sedentary peoples
Fighting over land and resources

106. Darfur Conflict
The Sudanese government, publicly denied that it supported the Janjaweed, but provided arms and assistance and participated in joint attacks with the group—Janjaweed
Conflict began in July of 2003
Estimated deaths so far 450,000
2.5 million displaced

108. General Summary of the situation in Darfur
The Sudanese Government, using Arab "Janjaweed" militias, its air force, and organized starvation, systematically killed the black Sudanese of Darfur
Over a million people, driven from their homes, now face death from starvation and disease as the Government and militias attempt to prevent humanitarian aid from reaching them.

109. Darfur Conflict
Following air raids by government aircraft, the Janjaweed would ride into villages on horses and camels
They would then slaughter the men, rape the women, and steal whatever they could find

111. Sudan now 2 countries

113. Fix the map; draw the new borders of Sudan & Southern Sudan

114. Complete the Venn diagram
How does imperialism relate to both?