2. The Three Emperors’ League
1872
Dreikaiserbund
Germany, Russia, Austria--pledged to cooperate to maintain peace and the status quo
Part of Bismarck's effort to keep France isolated

3. Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) 1878--Treaty of San Stefano
1876--revolt against Ottoman rule broke out in Bulgaria
Turks slaughtered thousands
Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire
Russians went to war in 1877 b/c they were "protectors of the Slavs"
1878--Treaty of San Stefano
Forced on Turks by Russians
Independent Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania
Autonomy to Bulgaria (access to Aegean Sea), but it would be under Russian domination
Turkish lands in the Caucasus to Russia
Increase of Russian power threatened Austria
British feared advance of Russian power in eastern Mediterranean (where they had naval and commercial interests)
Br. threatened war with Russia

4. The Treaty of Berlin
Congress of Berlin replaced T. of S.S. with T. of B. (1878) Bismarck’s idea
Independent Serbia, Rumania, Montenegro
Confirmed Russian acquisition of Turkish lands in Caucasus
Size of Bulgaria reduced
Russia had control over "autonomous" northern Bulgaria
Turks would retain full autonomy over Macedonia
Austria received right to occupy and administer Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (but not to annex)
British got Cyprus
Intended to recognize Russian domination eastern Balkans and Austria's in the west, but far more beneficial to Austria
Led to collapse of Three Emperors' League

5. Germany/Bismarck’s Alliances
Dual Alliance--secret alliance between Austria and Germany for mutual aid in case either was attacked by Russia
1881--TEL was reestablished, but remained fragile because of tension between Austria and Russia
Triple Alliance
1881--France established protectorate over Tunisia
Italians angry
1882--Italy joined Germany and Austria in secret defensive alliance, the Triple Alliance
Reinsurance Treaty of 1887
Germany-Russia
Benevolent neutrality in case either partner involved in war
Not applicable if Germany attacked France or Russia attacked Austria
1890--Not renewed by William II, who had dismissed Bismarck
Led to secret military alliance between Russia and France in 1894 (diplomatic revolution)
Directed primarily against GB

6. Anglo-French Entente
France believed Germany posed a greater threat than GB
French withdrawal from Sudan during Fashoda Crisis marked beginning of better relations
England had already ended "splendid isolation" in 1902 with Anglo-Japanese alliance (directed primarily against Russian expansion)
Entente Cordial 1904
Dealt with colonial issues
French recognized British dominance in Egypt
British agreed to support French claims in Morocco
Began to consult on international issues of mutual interest

7. Secret Italo-French Agreement
1902
Italy promised to support French efforts to establish a protectorate over Morocco
French supported Italian ambitions elsewhere in North Africa
Austria became Germany's only reliable ally

8. First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference (1906)
1905--William II (Ger.) declared that Germany had interests in Morocco and spoke of Moroccan independence
Algeciras Conference (1906)
Germans isolated except for Austria
GB, Russia, and Italy supported France
Unfavorable impression for Germany
Brought Fr., GB, and Rus. closer together

9. Anglo-Russian Entente
1907
Encouraged by French
Recognized Russian sphere of influence in northern Persia and a British one in southern Persia
Russians agreed to withdraw from Afghanistan
Both promised to respect territorial integrity of Tibet
Could now collaborate in European affairs
Completed Triple Entente (Br, Fr., Rus.)

10. Two Blocs Triple Entente Triple Alliance Britain France Russia (Italy)
Germany
Austria
Italy (not faithful)

11. Bosnian Crisis
Germany could not restrain Austria's actions in the Balkans b/c Austria was Germany's only faithful ally
Buchlau Agreement (1908)
Russia would support Austria's efforts to annex Bos/Herz
Austria would support Russia's efforts to gain right to send warships through Turkish Straits
Austria annexed, and Russia annoyed because it hadn't gotten its part of the agreement fulfilled yet
Serbia also angry because Serbs thought that one day they could annex Bos/Herz
Austria and Germany forced Russia to back down in 1909, humiliating Russia

12. The Second Moroccan Crisis
1911--Germany renewed objections to establishment of French protectorate over Morocco.
German warship Panther sent to Agadir (Mor. port)
French agreed to cede part of French Congo to Germany in return for German recognition of the French position in Morocco
Germany's "diplomacy" caused alarm
1912--British began to concentrate warships in North Sea
French shifted bulk of their navy to Mediterranean
Entente Cordial comes close to being converted ina full alliance
At the same time, Italy went to war against the Ottoman Empire, won, and got Tripoli (Libya) in 1912

13. The First Balkan War (
Italy's victory and gain of Tripoli encouraged small Balkan states to press their demands against the Ottoman Empire
Under Russian patronage, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece had formed the Balkan League
1912--Balkan League went to war against Turkey
Treaty of London
May 1913
Ottoman Empire lost all territory in Europe except for area immediately adjacent to the Turkish Straits
Albania created to curb Serbian expansion

14. The Second Balkan War (1913)
Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Rumania, and Turkey joined to defeat Bulgaria
Treaty of Bucharest forced Bulgaria to cede territory
Russia's ambitions in the Balkans and Turkish straits had been frustrated
Russians felt compelled to support Serbia more firmly in the future
Germans believed it essential to back Austria

15. Outbreak of WWI
1. June 28, Sarajevo, Bosnia. Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) assassinated by Princep
2. Serbian government aware and did nothing
3. Austrian ultimatum to Serbia on July 23
Declared war July 28
Germany gave them a blank check
4. July 30--Russia mobilizes to back Serbia
Germany gives an ultimatum to stop
5. Germany declares war on Russia
Schlieffen Plan--avoid a two-front war
6. France asks the intentions of Germany. France will act according to its own interests.
7. August 3--Germany declares war on France
8. Great Britain declares war on Germany (Aug. 4) because Germany touched Belgium in its bikini area
"The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime." -- Sir Edward Grey (British foreign secretary)

16. “The Great War” Global war Involves civilian population Draft Taxes
Price ceilings
Wage controls
Rationing
Censorship

17. “The Great War” New techniques Birth control Tanks, subs, aircraft
Heavy artillery/machine guns
Communication
Radio
Telegraph
Propaganda
Trench warfare
U.S. intervention in the last year
Psychological scars, lost generation
10 million dead, 20 million wounded

18. Schlieffen Plan Avoid two-front war Rapid German mobilization
Defeat France in six weeks by going through Belgium
Concentrate energies against Russia
Didn't work

19. The Russian Revolution
WWI devastating for the country's backward agriculture and prepubescent industry
Nicholas II took control of the army in 1915, leaving Alexandra (under influence of Rasputin) to run the gov't
Early Strikes broke out all over St. Petersburg
Nicky dissolved the Duma, but radicals remained in the capital
March 12--Duma elected a committee to represent its interests
Nicky ordered troops to suppress the demonstrators--troops joined the demonstrators
March 15--Nicky abdicated
Duma became Russia's provisional gov't
Promised reforms and announced plans for the election of an assembly to draft a constitution for a democratic republic
Socialists created soviets (councils)
April Lenin returned to St. Petersburg (brought there by German forces) and presented April Theses to the Bolsheviks
"Peace, Land, and Bread"

20. July Days Spontaneous revolt against unpopular provisional gov't
Suppressed
Bolshevik support of the revolt weakened the group and sent Lenin into exile
In the long-run, the position won Bolsheviks new followers

21. November (October) Revolution
Nov. 6-7, Bolsheviks/Red Guards seized strategic points in St. Petersburg
Nov. 7--Lenin announced establishment of new regime: The Council of People's Commissars
Chairman: Lenin
Commissar for Foreign Affairs: Trotsky
Commissar for Nationalities: Stalin
Took control in other cities with little violence

22. Early Measures of the Bolshevik Regime
All political parties ceased to function in any meaningful fashion in the face of Bolshevik dictatorship (1918)
Church and state separated
Church property seized
Many churches, monasteries, and convents closed
Religious instruction prohibited
Civil marriage ceremonies had legal recognition
Replaced Julian calendar with Gregorian calendar
Simplified the Cyrillic alphabet
Titles of nobility abolished
Banks seized for the state
Debt of the tsarist gov't repudiated

23. Treaty of Brest-Livosk
Russia could not fight a broad and contain problems at home
Bolsheviks believed the war benefited only capitalism
December armistice with Germany
March 3, treaty
Russia yielded Poland, Baltic states, and Ukraine
Some territory in Caucasus to Turkey
Heavy war indemnity

24. Russian Civil War "Red" Russians supported the revolution
"White" Russians opposed revolutions
Summer Bolsheviks murdered Nicky and family
By 1921, Lenin & co. firmly in control

25. Paris Peace Conference of 1919
US - Wilson
England - George
France - Clemenceau
Italy - Orlando

26. Wilson’s Objectives "Peace without victory" Fourteen Points
Open diplomacy
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Reduction of armaments
Self-determination
League of Nations

27. Clemenceau’s Objectives
Gain security for France against possible future resurgence of German power
Substantial reparations from Germany to pay for reconstruction of war-ravaged Northern France

28. George’s Objectives
Restore continental balance of power
Allow enough peace so that GB could devote attention to empire

29. Gain as much territory as possible for Italy
Orlando’s Objective
Gain as much territory as possible for Italy

30. The Treaty of Versailles
One of five treaties produced (Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, Germany)--treaty with Germany
Allies would occupy the Rhineland (between France and Germany) for fifteen years
Rhineland permanently demilitarized
Alsace and Lorraine back to France
Saar Basin (coal) in Germany placed under control of League of Nations for fifteen years
Coal of Saar property of French

31. The Treaty of Versailles
Poland recreated
Received large pieces of Germany
Polish Corridor (created to give Poland access to the Baltic) separated East Prussia from Germany
Port city of Danzig a free city at the head of the Polish Corridor
German army restricted to 100,000 men, navy reduced to coastal defense force
Germany allowed no air force, no tanks, no subs, no shoes - no service!
Article 231
"War Guilt" clause
Germany and allies accepted responsibility for causing the war
Justified requiring Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations to Allies
Signed in the Hall of Mirrors on June 28, 1919

32. Colonies Germany lost all colonies in Africa and Pacific
Africa given to GB and France under mandate system
Supposed to protect indigenous populations and prepare for independence, but really annexation
German islands in N. Pacific went to Japan
Germany's islands in S. Pacific went to Australia and New Zealand
France and Britain acquired Turkish lands in the Middle East (Treaty of Sèvres)

33. Other Changes
Austria-Hungary became Austria and Hungary (Treaty of St-Germain)
Czechoslovakia created from old A-H territory
Sudetenland (large German-speaking pop.) given to Czech.
Serbia, Montenegro joined in Yugoslavia
Estonia, Latvia, Finland, and Lithuania received independence from Russia

34. League of Nations Covenant Assembly representing all members
Council--major powers as permanent members, elected smaller powers
Secretariat as the administrative body
Headquartered in Geneva, Switz.
Permanent Court of International Justice ("World Court") in The Hague
U.S. did not join because Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles