1. Photo: courtesy of Kelley Graves

2. The Demographic Divide in Germany Background to Immigration in Germany Immigration Transition German Identity post-Reunification Essential Questions Multiculturalism, Reunification and Identity in 21 st Century Germany Presented by Benjamin Peterson Basha High School Chandler, AZ Peterson.benjamin@chandler.k12.az.us

3. Applications to AP Human Geography Age-sex pyramidCBR CDRFertility Rate DemographyDistance Decay MigrationPull Factor AcculturationContagious Diffusion Cultural landscapeCultural environments Cultural perceptionBoundaries Centrifugal forcesCentripetal forces DevolutionNationalism EnclaveFederalism Developed countryEconomic sector GlobalizationInfrastructure PostindustrialPrimary industrial region Site Situation Social stratificationUrban function

4. German Demographics Population: roughly 82 million By comparison: UK: 61 million France: 65 million Italy: 51.9 million CBR (2011 est.): 8.3 CDR (2011 est.): 10.92 NIR (roughly): -2 TFR (2011 est.): 1.41 20.6% of population over 65 Age Dependency Ratio: 34/100 Age Dependency Ratio in 2050: 53/100 Aging population Shrinking work force Shrinking natural increase rate Source: http://www.berlin-institut.org/online- handbookdemography/population-ageing.html CBR continues to shrink

5. Source: Federal Statistical Offi ce of Germany, Press Release #183, May 4, 2007. Turkey 14.6% Russia 9.4% Poland 6.9% Italy 4.2% Serbia 3.0% Croatia 2.6% Bosnia 2.3% Greece 2.2% Romania 3.0% Migration to Germany

6. “…Turkish immigrants living in Germany who, according to studies by the Berlin Institute for Population and Development, are less effectively integrated on average than other immigrant groups. They are more likely than others to be poorly educated, underpaid and unemployed. Anyone seeking to fathom the reasons for these discrepancies will uncover a decades-long history of failures, misunderstandings and missed opportunities, shortsighted political strategies and a recurring and stubborn tendency to ignore reality.” - excerpt taken from Der Spiegel article, “A Sorry History of Self-Deception and Wasted Opportunities”, 2010

7. Immigration Issues in Germany 1 in 5 Germans is a first or second generation immigrant Germany has become a nation of immigrants the past 30 years Just who is German? What is a German? How should immigrants immerse themselves into Germany culture? How can immigrants be better integrated into German society? Is it immigrants’ job to better assimilate into German society?

8. 11 of the 23 members of the 2010 World Cup German National Soccer team came from immigrant families.

9. Immigration Background Germany is not a ‘melting pot’ or a historically immigrant nation. Many of the immigrants came during the 1950s to find work Germany had labor shortages after WWII; needed able-bodied men to fill in Between 1945-1961: 3.8 Germans moved from East to West FRD increased recruitment of foreign workers after 1961 October 31, 1961: labor recruitment agreement with Turkey; prospective Turks boarded trains from Ankara and Istanbul headed for Munich Migrants were then distributed among country’s industrial zones “Rotation Clause” was removed in 1964 because of pressure from businesses The jobs, labor and new industry all combined to create the “Economic Miracle” in Germany Majority of immigrants came from Turkey; by 1973 23% of foreigners in Germany were Turks These workers were known as gastarbeiter (Guest Workers) The term, itself, denotes a sense of unwelcome- “you are a guest, not a member of society” Shortly after the 1970s, the gov’t was not willing to deport mass amounts of immigrants who were establishing roots throughout Germany Many immigrants planned to go back to Turkey, but standard of living was too good in Germany They brought families, tied down roots and became less connected to their home country

10. Political Realizations The Green Party sought to introduce immigrant protection laws in the German system by the late 1990s German politicians became more comfortable dealing with issues of immigration by the mid-2000s Germany recognizes it needs immigration; it needs highly educated, bright individuals in special economic sectors; its needed to compensate for the aging, shrinking natural increase rate Germany recognizes asylum seekers (sees it as its historical responsibility) Germany believes it’s the responsibility of immigrants to become culturally and linguistically integrated into Germany society (learn about history, learn about music, learn about writers or thinkers, but don’t lose sight of ones self in the process)

11. Immigration Transition 10 years ago: Immigration Act If parents are in Germany legally for 8 years, their kids born after 2000 have dual citizenship (if parents have a stable job) Parents can become citizens if: No criminal records Successful at a German language course Stable job, stable income No suspended license Display proper German behavior/ethics Foreigners who graduate from German university are given a year to find work (German gov’t believes that university grads offer great promise and can assist in growing Germany’s economy) No naturalization laws in Germany- kids whose parents are in the country legally must illustrate success in school, and pass the Abitur in order to be offered the chance of citizenship Students/young adults must then choose either citizenship of Germany or their country of birth (no dual citizenship in Germany) The German gov’t has budgeted 1 billion dollars for state sponsored language programs

12. Identity Crisis in Germany Deutsche Welle: Integration Success and FailureIntegration Success and Failure PBS: (issues in education) Muslims in GermanyMuslims in Germany PBS World Focus: Immigration in EuropeImmigration in Europe Men are leaving for Turkey to find more traditional wives Those wives are brought back to Germany Many families are having children in Germany, but providing them with no German instruction Kids are going to the 1 st grade, but w/out any German language Success becomes difficult and too many young Turks are dropping out Many Turks don’t feel as though they belong in Germany, or are accepted in Germany Disproportionate number of undereducated, unemployed come from immigrants from Turkey 40% of Turks in Berlin are unemployed Immigrants typically live in communities populated by the same ethnicity; don’t learn the languages or customs of host country No anti-discrimination laws in Germany to promote the minorities from unfair labor or social actions

13. Identity & the Wall Nov. 9, 1989 capsulated DDR citizens’ main role in death of East Germany Citizens left DDR through Eastern Bloc embassies Citizens protested for reforms in streets of Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin The reforms demanded would have contradictory effect on the reasons for a socialist state History happened at break-neck pace, post-1989 DDR dissolved, USSR crumbled, free elections in Poland and Hungary Debate in Germany: How quickly to bring the two Germanys together? How intense should the reforms take shape? What, who will guide the re- unification?

14. “Aufbau Ost”: Revitalize the East Solidarity Pact (1993): goal was to create equal living conditions in West and East German cities Renovate inner-city residential districts in Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz Improve infrastructure: telecommunications, sewage systems Increase industrial output Create competitive university systems Create criteria to protect environment Early exuberance for re-unification led to mistrust, misunderstandings, economic and social frustrations East bore the social burden West bore the economic burden 2009 est.: EUR 1.6 trillion net Source: Cologne Institute for Economic Research

15. The Wall in People’s Heads Within months of re-unification the life East Germans knew and understood drastically changed Brain Drain: East to West migration (roughly 2 million) Disappearance of 2/3 of E. German industry State-owned industries were transferred to public Rapid unemployment Way of life, what and how people were taught was drastically altered “Truth” and “Reality” had to be reconciled zum beispiel: Stasi files were opened to the public in 1992 Nazi files were finally open to East German scholars Ostaglia: nostalgia for a time passed, for a cultural identity Freedoms were gained, but something was lost in re-unification Difficult for East Germans to understand the competitive, free-market, material-driven society in the West Easterners felt as if they were treated like 2 nd class citizens The unification of two Germanys but notice how the East Germany flag is missing it’s coat of arms- the colors remain but the ideology and all that it represents is eradicated.

16. Appreciation for Re-unification… it does exist Poll numbers taken from Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach (2009/Nr. 7) 63% polled have positive view of unity 17% still see unity as a cause for concern 64% believe East and West growing successfully 68% in West; 51% in East 34% still believe East and West will “remain like two separate states” 1990: 72% in former DDR said things had to change a lot between East and West 2009: 45% in former DDR still said things had to change a lot between East and West 1995: 45% believed that people (East & West) were far apart to be unified 2009: less than 25% believed that people were too far apart to be unified 58% describe Germany’s development as a success 64% of that comes from polling in East 47% believe economic development in East has been a success Differences are no Longer Emphasized When you compare those in the East as compared to those in the West, do you put more emphasis on differences or similarities?

17. Germany: Immigration, Re-unification & Identity Immigration issues were ignored far too long by politicians Conservatives were less apt to work with immigrant issues, citing Germany was not an immigrant nation The left was too enamored with the Utopian ideals of personal freedoms and multicultural harmony The gaps, violence, misunderstanding, frustrations continued while Germany debated social and economic ramifications of immigration Due to demographic constraints, Germany needs immigration What was once treated as a burden, immigration is a vital piece of German society in 21 st century Add to the frustrations was reunification in 1990 Two German cultures were reunified after the fall of the Wall What was this “new/unified” Germany and how was it to look and feel? 21 years after reunification an identity crisis still affects many Germans from the former East- (they see their culture/way of life/economic system/ideologies hijacked by Western ideals) The question still begs: what does it mean to be German in the 21 st century?

18. Essential Questions What is a German in the 21 st century?What is a German in the 21 st century? What has been the impact of the new wave of immigration on the population of Germany? How is multiculturalism defined in Germany? Who is responsible for immigrants’ assimilation and integration into German society? The Federal Government? The local governments, or is it the personal responsibility of the immigrants? Is immigration and integration critical for immigrants in Germany, and Europe in general? How has Germany’s re-unification affected German identity?

19. Sources Bartsch, M., Brandt, A. & Steinvorth, D. (2010, July 09). A sorry history of self-deception and wasted opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,716067,00.html Gobel, J. (2010, August 20). Joy over german unity unbroken. Retrieved from http://www.magazin-deutschland.de Hoffman, G. (2010, May 05). The past to freedom: 20 years of german unity. Retrieved from http://www.magazin-deutschland.dehttp://www.magazin-deutschland.de Institute for Demoskopie Allensbach. (Designer). (2009). Ostdeutsche-westdeutsche. [Web Graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.ifd-allensbach.de/news/prd_0907.htm Introduction to immigration to germany. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.workpermit.com/germany/employer1.htm Jervis, R., Prewitt, J., & Shockley, P. (2007). Germany today. (2007 ed., p. 53-58). Bonn: Inpuncto. Munkler, H. (2010, July 06). 20 years of german unity: a process without historical precedence. Retrieved from http://www.magazin-deutschland.de Oezcan, V. (2004, Jul). Germany: immigration transition. Retrieved from http://www.migrationinformation.org/profiles/display.cfm?id=235 (2010). Pbs: worldfocus. (2010). [Web Video]. Retrieved from http://watch.thirteen.org/video/1450063603/# Public affairs program: german immigration issues. (2005, November 21). Retrieved from http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/transcripts/5280.html The world factbook: germany. (2011, July). Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html

20. To be German: 21 st century Progressive Transparent Euro-centric Confident Quietly arrogant Proud Self-deprecating Warm, welcoming Multicultural Multilingual Conscience of the past Sensitive Orderly