1. Physical Science Chapter 19
Elements and Their Properties 1

3. Let’s Review
Explain what your remember about how the periodic table is organized. Number the Groups and Periods Where are the metals? Where are the nonmetals? Where are the metalloids?

4. In the periodic table, metals are elements found to the left of the stair-step line.4

5. Properties of metals Conductive- Conduct heat and electricity
Read Properties of Metals page 570.
Properties of metals
Conductive- Conduct heat and electricity
Luster—reflect light well
Malleable— can be hammered
or rolled into sheets.
4. Ductile– can be drawn into wires 5

6. 5. Ionic bonding—combine with nonmetals by losing electrons
Read page 571-Ionic Bonding, Metallic Bonding.
5. Ionic bonding—combine with nonmetals by losing electrons
When metals combine with nonmetals, the atoms of the metals tend to lose electrons to the atoms of nonmetals, forming ionic bonds. 6

7. 19:1 Metals
6. Metallic bonding —positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are held weakly. Readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals. 7

8. The Alkali Metals—softer and more reactive than other metals
Highly reactive with oxygen and water; don’t occur naturally as elemental forms
Combine readily with other elements due to single electron in outer energy level 8

9. Multiple uses Human health —sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds
Photocells —some depend on rubidium or cesium
Francium —a radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy 9

10. Alkali Metals

11. 19:1
The Alkaline Earth Metals—not found naturally in elemental form; two electrons in outer energy level
1. Applications— strontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders and bats; calcium in statues and countertops 11

12. 19:1
2. Human body— calcium in bones; barium in disease diagnoses; radium formerly used in cancer treatment 12

13. Alkaline Earth Metals

14. 19:1 Transition Elements —often occur uncombined in nature.
Typically form colored compounds—chromium found in rubies and emeralds
Iron triad— iron, cobalt, and nickel 14

15. Cobalt and nickel—used in some steel Nickel—used to coat other metals
19:1
Read page Transition Elements.
Iron —most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth’s crust
Cobalt and nickel—used in some steel
Nickel—used to coat other metals 15

16. Iron Mining 6.37
Iron Triad

17. 19:1
Read page 574-5—Transition Elements
3. Copper, silver, gold—coinage metals since once were commonly used in coins
Copper—used in electric wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor
Silver—used in photographic film and paper; jewelry
Gold—used in jewelry 17

18. Coinage Metals

19. 19:1 Zinc, cadmium, mercury—group 12 on periodic table
Zinc and cadmium— often used to coat or plate other metals
Mercury—only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries 19

20. Zinc Group

21. Inner Transition Metals—seem disconnected from rest of periodic table
Read page 576- Inner Transition Elements
Inner Transition Metals—seem disconnected from rest of periodic table
The Lanthanides—include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium and terbium
The Actinides—all are radioactive and unstable; uranium is the best known

22. Metals in Earth’s crust that combined with other elements are found as ores.
Most ores consist of a metal compound, or mineral, within a mixture of clay or rock.
Metals 6.31
Lanthanides and Actinides .57 22

23. Most of your body’s mass is made of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Calcium, a metal, and other elements make up the remaining four percent of your body’s mass.

24. 19:2 Nonmetals
Read page 578- Properties of Nonmetals
Properties of nonmetals—usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature; are not malleable or ductile; usually poor conductors of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous.
Ionic compounds—form when nonmetals gain electrons from metals and become negative ions
Covalent compounds—form when nonmetals share electrons with other nonmetals 24

25. 19:2 Nonmetals Hydrogen—most common element in universe
Read page 579—Hydrogen
Hydrogen—most common element in universe
A diatomic molecule —two atoms of the same element in covalent bond
Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water compound.
Hydrogen can gain an electron when it combines with alkali and alkaline earth metals. These compounds are called hydrides. 25

26. C. The Halogens—include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine and astatine
A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal
Uses of halogens
Chlorine—disinfectant and bleach
Bromine—dyes in cosmetics
Iodine—hormone regulation
Sublimation—a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid
The Halogens .44 26

27. Halogens

28. exist as isolated, stable atoms
Noble Gases—
exist as isolated, stable atoms
Helium—used in blimps and balloons
Neon, argon and krypton—used in lights
Noble Gases .59 3

29. Noble Gases

30. 19:3 Mixed Groups
Read page 584—Mixed Groups—Reading Guide-Properties of Mettaloids.
Properties of Metalloids—form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them semiconductor characteristics 30

31. B. The Boron Group—named for the first element in Group 13
Boron—used in water softening products, antiseptics and fuels
Aluminum—abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wrap, pans, building materials, and aircraft
Read page 584-Boron Group 31

32. Boron Group

33. 1. Carbon—found in coal, oil, natural gas, foods.
Read page 585-Carbon Group
The Carbon Group—four electrons in outer energy level
1. Carbon—found in coal, oil, natural gas, foods.
2. Silicon occurs as an allotrope—same element with different molecular structures
Silicon found in sand, rocks, and soil
The main component in semiconductors, which conduct electricity under certain conditions.
Carbon Group 1.33 33

34. Carbon Group

35. 19:3 Mixed Groups c. Germanium—also used in semiconductors
d. Tin—used to coat other metals
e. Lead— toxic, so no longer used in paint
f. Diamonds, graphite and buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of carbon 35

36. Nitrogen—used to make nitrates and ammonia
D. The Nitrogen Group—five electrons in outer energy level; tend to form covalent bonds
Nitrogen—used to make nitrates and ammonia
Phosphorus—used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fire china
Antimony and bismuth—used with other metals to lower their melting points
Nitrogen Group 1.22 36

37. Nitrogen Group

38. Let’s look at Circle Graphs on page 587.

39. E. The Oxygen Group—Group 16
Oxygen—makes up 20% of air, used by living things in respiration, and provides protection for Sun’s radiation
Sulfur—used to form sulfides for pigment in paint
Selenium—used in photocopiers and multivitamins
Tellurium and polonium are also oxygen group elements
Oxygen Group .55

40. Oxygen Group

41. Synthetic Elements—scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly
Uranium can be made into neptunium which forms plutonium when it disintegrates
Plutonium can be changed into americium, which is used in smoke detectors. 41

42. 3. Transuranium elements have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable
The study of synthesized elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding the nucleus together
Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons
It broke apart due to enormous repulsion between the protons 42

43. Why make elements?
When these atoms disintegrate, they are said to be radioactive.
Radioactive elements can be useful. For example, technetium’s radioactivity makes it ideal for many medical applications.
In the 1960s, scientists theorized that stable synthetic elements exist.
Finding one might help scientists understand how the forces inside the atom work.

44. The Gas that Glows—Neon. Read orally the article on page 594.
Science and History
The Gas that Glows—Neon. Read orally the article on page 594.

45. Test coming soon. Make sure your notes are complete and study them
Test coming soon. Make sure your notes are complete and study them. Homework is due on test day.