1. Circulation

2. Did you know? In one day, blood travels 12,000 miles. A capillary is just wide enough for cells to pass through single file. No blood flows through cartilage. This makes cartilage slow to heal. Grab a tennis ball and squeeze it tightly – that’s how hard the human heart works.

3. Did you know? Bones of the rib cage are a major supplier of the body’s red blood cells. Adults have about 4 to 5 quarts of blood in circulation. A red blood cell makes approximately 250,000 trips around the circulatory system before dying

4. Did you know? Anger and fear increase the heart rate by about 30 to 40 beats per minute Individual heart muscle fibers grown in a cell culture beat spontaneously. All the blood vessels, laid end to end would measure 60,000 miles.

5. Do the math… Your heart beats about 100,000 times per day – 35 million times per year – Almost 3 billion times in an average lifespan

6. Did you know? Heart pumps blood through the aorta at about 1 mile per hour. The average blood temperature is 100.4oF Blood leaving the lungs is bright red, blood returning to the heart is dark maroon. During exercise, more blood than usual flows to skeletal muscles and less to the gut

7. Did you know? People giving CPR should focus on chest compressions; organs can live for several minutes on oxygen already in the blood. Fetal blood never carries sickle-cell anemia. Heart disorders account for four out of five hospitalizations in the elderly. Heart patients have regrown healthy heart tissue from their own stem cells.

8. Did you know? HUMAN BLOOD IS NEVER BLUE. – Does change color as it circulates – Veins look blue because the overlying tissues filter out red light at that dedpth

9. Three basic jobs: Transportation – Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste products Protection – Immune cells, platelets, clotting agents Cooling – Disperses heat around the body

10. Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs Right atrium Aorta Left ventricle Left atrium Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Capillaries of left lung Capillaries of head and forelimbs Figure 42.6

11. Heart: central engine Left side pumps blood to all parts of the body except lungs – Oxygen rich blood from lungs Right side supplies lungs only – Collects oxygen-poor blood from blood and pumps it to lungs for oxygenation Two closed networks of blood vessels

12. Figure 42.3 (a) An open circulatory system Heart Hemolymph in sinuses surrounding organs Pores Tubular heart Dorsal vessel (main heart) Auxiliary hearts Small branch vessels in each organ Ventral vessels Blood Interstitial fluid Heart (b) A closed circulatory system

13. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems In insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs, blood bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory system In an open circulatory system, there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid, and this general body fluid is called hemolymph © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid Closed systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates have closed circulatory systems © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Back to mammalian circulatory system Largest blood vessels are arteries: carry blood away from heart Arteries branch out into arterioles, which lead to capillaries Capillaries: site of oxygen and nutrient exchange, tiniest pathways

16. Capillaries merge into venules, which connect to larger veins Carry blood back to the heart Takes about one minute for each blood cell to make a circuit of the body.

17. Deep vein thrombosis Side effect of immobility Caused by blood flowing slowly or pooling in deep veins in lower legs or thighs Unable to wash away clotting factors = blood clot (thrombus) can form – blocks circulation Limb becomes tender, swollen, hot, red Clot can break away and travel to brain (cause stroke) or to lung, heart, or other areas Anticoagulants, compression stockings, periodic breaks to stand up and get blood moving

18. Blood Connective tissue Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Cells float in a liquid (plasma) Plasma: mostly water, includes nutrients, hormones, gases, and other substances = 55% of bloodstream

19. Figure 42.17 Plasma 55% ConstituentMajor functions Water Ions (blood electrolytes) Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Solvent for carrying other substances Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability Plasma proteins Osmotic balance, pH buffering Albumin Fibrinogen Immunoglobulins (antibodies) Clotting Defense Substances transported by blood Nutrients Waste products Respiratory gases Hormones Separated blood elements Basophils Neutrophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Eosinophils Platelets Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5–6 million 250,000–400,000Blood clotting Transport of O 2 and some CO 2 Defense and immunity Functions Number per  L (mm 3 ) of blood Cell type Cellular elements 45% Leukocytes (white blood cells)5,000–10,000

20. Red Blood Cells Carry respiratory gases to and from the body’s tissues. Hemoglobin molecules within RBC = red pigment Lack a nucleus Last only about 120 days Die at a rate of 2 million per second Produced in bone marrow

21. Heart 4 chambers Size of a large fist Weighs about 8 ounces in women and 10 ounces in adults 2 atria (entry hall) – Separated by thin wall called interatrial septum – Collecting room for returning blood – Pump through valves to ventricles

22. Heart continued 2 ventricles (little belly) – More muscular – Pump blood out of the heart – Separated by interventricular septum

23. Pacemaker Heart’s electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial node – heart’s natural pacemaker, located near top right atrium Made up of autorhythmic fibers – specialized heart cells that take in and expel calcium and other electrolytes to regularly change electrical charge Electrical impulse produced by cells of the SA node spread through walls of the atria by moving one cardiac cell to the next via gap junctions Signal makes muscle cells of atria contract in a sequenced fashion – presses blood into the ventricles

24. The pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker The parasympathetic division slows down the pacemaker The pacemaker is also regulated by hormones and temperature © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Shoveling snow = deadly risks ".... that when healthy young men shoveled snow, their heart rate and blood pressure increased more than when they exercised on a treadmill. "Combine this with cold air, which causes arteries to constrict and decrease blood supply, you have a perfect storm for a heart attack," Dr. Barry Franklin, director of cardiac rehab at Beaumont Hospital says. "Shoveling snow raises blood pressure and heart rate more than some other forms of exercise cold air constricts blood vessels, cardiac risks are higher in early morning, rare exercise for sedentary over-55s. Snow shoveling is particularly strenuous because it uses arm work, which is more taxing than leg work. Straining to move wet and heavy snow is particularly likely to cause a surge in heart rate and blood pressure, Franklin says. Many people hold their breath during the hard work, which also puts a strain on the body. In addition, the prime time for snow clearance is between 6am and 10am which is when circadian fluctuations make us more vulnerable to heart attacks."

26. Circulation Blood moves from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

27. One heart beat = one cardiac cyle Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium Pumped to right ventricle Pumped through pulmonary artery to lung Returns via pulmonary vein to left atrium Enters left ventricle Exits to the body via aorta Lasts about 0.8 seconds, pumps about 2 ounces (70 ml) of blood out of each ventricle

28. Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs Right atrium Aorta Left ventricle Left atrium Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Capillaries of left lung Capillaries of head and forelimbs Figure 42.6

29. Figure 42.10 Artery Red blood cells Endothelium Artery Smooth muscle Connective tissue Capillary Valve Vein Basal lamina Endothelium Smooth muscle Connective tissue 100  m LM Venule 15  m LM Arteriole Red blood cell Capillary

30. Figure 42.11 Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Venae cavae Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 Pressure (mm Hg) Velocity (cm/sec) Area (cm 2 ) 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

31. Figure 42.15 INTERSTITIAL FLUID Net fluid movement out Blood pressure Osmotic pressure Arterial end of capillary Direction of blood flow Venous end of capillary Body cell

32. Electrocardiogram (EKG): measures heart’s electrical conduction system Defibrillators restore normal rhythms to a stuttering heart

33. Blood maintenace Kidney: remove toxins and waste, maintain pH, regulate salt and water levels, maintain blood pressure

34. Stem Cells and the Replacement of Cellular Elements The cellular elements of blood wear out and are being replaced constantly Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from a common source of stem cells in the red marrow of bones, especially ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythrocyte production when O 2 delivery is low = blood doping © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. AP standard: Signal transduction pathways coordinate activities within individual cells that support the function of the organism as a whole. – EPO hormone: more RBCs when low O2 levels

36. Signaling examples: Fight or flight response – Constriction of arteries: raise blood pressure – Dilation of arteries at muscles: delivers more blood – Quickened heart beat and respiration – Rise in blood sugar – Suppresses immune system – Divert blood flow from other parts of body to muscles

37. AP standard: Fish, amphibians, and mammal circulatory systems: support common ancestry

38. Figure 42.4 (a) Single circulation (b) Double circulation Artery Heart: Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Vein Gill capillaries Body capillaries Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries RightLeft AA VV Lung capillaries Pulmonary circuit

39. Amphibians Pulmocutaneous circuit Lung and skin capillaries Atrium (A) Atrium (A) LeftRight Ventricle (V) Systemic capillaries Systemic circuit Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Figure 42.5a

40. Figure 42.5b Reptiles (Except Birds) Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Incomplete septum Left systemic aorta Left Right systemic aorta A V Lung capillaries Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Key Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood

41. Mammals and Birds Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles The left side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood, while the right side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood Mammals and birds are endotherms and require more O 2 than ectotherms © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. AP Standard: thermoregulation Ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries. – Ectotherms/thermoconformers: gain heat from environment – Endotherms/thermoregulators: use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal environment (heat: metabolism) = calorie expensive!

43. Advantages to endothermy: Perform vigorous activities (running/flight) longer than ectotherms Can withstand more severe environmental fluctuations of terrestrial environment (aquatic habitats tend to be stable – WATER PROPERTY!!)

44. Thermoregulation: countercurrent exchange mechanism = common ancestry

45. Other ways to control temps… Behavior (radiation, convection and conduction) Sweating (vaporization) Goosebumps: hair/feather raising to gather air: thermal insulation! BLUBBER shivering Hibernation, estivation

46. Figure 40.16

47. Figure 40.14

48. Figure 40.15