1. Energy Chapter 13 Sections 1-4

2. Question of the Day Many energy experts believe that it will not be the depletion of fossil fuels that will drive the projected transition to a solar-hydrogen energy age in the United States and other parts of the world, but rather _______________. Many energy experts believe that it will not be the depletion of fossil fuels that will drive the projected transition to a solar-hydrogen energy age in the United States and other parts of the world, but rather _______________.

3. Answer of the Day The need to use cleaner and less climate-disrupting (noncarbon) energy resources. P. 288 The need to use cleaner and less climate-disrupting (noncarbon) energy resources. P. 288

4. Key Concepts Evaluating energy resources Evaluating energy resources Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fission and fusion Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fission and fusion Improving energy efficiency and its advantages Improving energy efficiency and its advantages Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy Transitions to a more sustainable energy future Transitions to a more sustainable energy future

5. The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution Energy-efficient homes Energy-efficient homes Solar cells Solar cells Hydrogen revolution Hydrogen revolution Fuel cells Fuel cells Less air pollution Less air pollution Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, Colorado Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, Colorado Fig. 13-1, p. 285

6. The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution Fig. 13-1, p. 285

7. Evaluating Energy Resources Energy from the Sun Energy from the Sun Indirect forms of renewable solar energy - Indirect forms of renewable solar energy - Wind, Falling and Flowing Water, Biomass Wind, Falling and Flowing Water, Biomass Commercial energy Commercial energy Energy resources for the world Energy resources for the world Energy resources for the US Energy resources for the US

8. Fig. 13-2, p. 287 Mined coal Pipeline Pump Oil well Gas well Oil storage Coal Oil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy Hot water storage Contour strip mining Pipeline Drilling tower Magma Hot rock Natural gas Oil Impervious rock Water Oil drilling platform on legs Floating oil drilling platform Valves Underground coal mine Water is heated and brought up as dry steam or wet steam Water penetrates down through the rock Area strip mining Geothermal power plant Coal seam Nonrenewable Energy Resources

9. Fig. 13-3, p. 287 Commercial Energy for the World and US

10. Fig. 13-4, p. 288 Year 21002025195018751800 0 20 40 60 80 100 Contribution to total energy consumption (percent) Wood Coal Oil Nuclear Hydrogen Solar Natural gas Commercial Energy Use in US Since 1800

11. Deciding Which Energy Resources to Use We must plan ahead We must plan ahead Questions we need to ask about the future energy resource. Questions we need to ask about the future energy resource. - What will be available in the future? - What will be available in the future? - Net energy yield - Net energy yield - Costs - Costs - Level of government support - Level of government support - Economic and military security issues - Economic and military security issues - Vulnerability of the resource to terrorism - Vulnerability of the resource to terrorism - Impacts on human health and the environment - Impacts on human health and the environment

12. Net Energy High-quality energy High-quality energy Laws of thermodynamics (p. 30-32) Laws of thermodynamics (p. 30-32) Wasted energy Wasted energy Useful energy Useful energy Net energy ratio Net energy ratio Nuclear fuel cycle Nuclear fuel cycle

13. Fig. 13-5a, p. 289 Space Heating Passive solar Natural gas Oil Active solar Coal gasification Electric resistance heating (coal-fired plant) Electric resistance heating (natural-gas -fired plant) Electric resistance heating (nuclear plant) 0.3 0.4 1.5 1.9 4.5 4.9 5.8 Net Energy Ratios

14. Fig. 13-5b, p. 289 High-Temperature Industrial Heat Surface-mined coal Underground-mined coal Natural gas Oil Coal gasification Direct solar (highly concentrated by mirrors, heliostats, or other devices) 0.9 1.5 4.7 4.9 25.8 28.2 Net Energy Ratios

15. Fig. 13-5c, p. 289 Transportation Natural gas Gasoline (refined crude oil) Biofuel (ethyl alcohol) Coal liquefaction Oil shale 1.2 1.4 1.9 4.1 4.9 Net Energy Ratios

16. Crude Oil (Petroleum) Conventional (light) oil Conventional (light) oil Extraction Extraction Transportation Transportation Refining Refining Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Major oil-supplying nations - 11 countries make up the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 78% of the crude oil Major oil-supplying nations - 11 countries make up the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 78% of the crude oil U.S. supplies -2.9% U.S. supplies -2.9% How long will conventional oil last? How long will conventional oil last?

17. Fig. 13-6, p. 290 Diesel oil Asphalt Grease and wax Naphtha Heating oil Aviation fuel Gasoline Gases Furnace Heated crude oil Refining Crude Oil

18. Fig. 13-7, p. 292 Major Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Deposits in North America

19. Fig. 13-7, p. 292 MEXICO UNITED STATES CANADA Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Grand Banks Gulf of Alaska Valdez ALASKA Beaufort Sea Prudhoe Bay Arctic Ocean Coal Gas Oil High potential areas Prince William Sound Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Trans Alaska oil pipeline Major Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Deposits in North America Gulf of Mexico

20. Fig. 13-8, p. 292 Oil price per barrel 70 60 40 30 20 19501970198019902000 Year 50 2010 (1997 dollars) 10 1960 0 Inflation-Adjusted Price of Oil in the US

21. Ample supply for 42-93 years Low cost (with huge subsidies) High net energy yield Easily transported within and between countries Low land use Technology is well developed Efficient distribution system Advantages Trade-Offs Conventional Oil Disadvantages Need to find substitute within 50 years Artifically low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternative Air pollution when burned Releases CO 2 when burned Moderate water pollution Fig. 13-9, p. 293 Tradeoffs of Conventional Oil Use

22. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Unit Energy of Different Fuels Nuclear power Natural gas Oil Coal Synthetic oil and gas produced from coal Coal-fired electricity 17% 58% 86% 100% 150% 286% Fig. 13-10, p. 294 Oil sand 92%

23. Oil Sand and Oil Shale Oil sand Oil sand Bitumen Bitumen Kerogen Kerogen Shale oil Shale oil

24. Oil Shale and Shale Oil Fig. 13-11, p. 294

25. AdvantagesDisadvantages Moderate cost (oil sand) Large potential supplies, especially oil sands in Canada High cost (oil shale) Low net energy yield Large amount of water needed for processing Severe land disruption from surface mining Water pollution from mining residues Air pollution when burned CO 2 emissions when burned Easily transported within and between countries Efficient distribution system in place Trade-Offs Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand Technology is well developed Fig. 13-12, p. 295 Tradeoffs of Oil from Sands and Shales

26. Natural Gas Not gasoline, but 50-90% methane (CH 4 ) by volume Not gasoline, but 50-90% methane (CH 4 ) by volume Conventional natural gas Conventional natural gas Unconventional natural gas Unconventional natural gas Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) World supply of conventional natural gas: 62-125 years World supply of conventional natural gas: 62-125 years

27. Good fuel for fuel cells and gas turbines Low land use Easily transported by pipeline Moderate environmental impact Lower CO 2 emissions than other fossil fuels Less air pollution than other fossil fuels Low cost (with huge subsidies) High net energy yield Ample supplies (125 years) Sometimes burned off and wasted at wells because of low price Shipped across ocean as highly explosive LNG Methane (a greenhouse gas) can leak from pipelines Releases CO 2 when burned Nonrenewable resource Difficult to transfer from one country to another Requires pipelines Advantages Trade-Offs Conventional Natural Gas Disadvantages Fig. 13-13, p. 296 Tradeoffs of Natural Gas

28. Coal Stages of coal formation Stages of coal formation Sulfur, mercury, and radioactive pollutants Sulfur, mercury, and radioactive pollutants Used in electricity and steel production Used in electricity and steel production Abundant in the US Abundant in the US US reserves should last about 300 years US reserves should last about 300 years Coal gasification and liquefaction (synfuels) Coal gasification and liquefaction (synfuels)

29. Fig. 13-14, p. 296 Increasing moisture content Increasing heat and carbon content Peat (not a coal) Lignite (brown coal) Bituminous Coal (soft coal) Anthracite (hard coal) Heat Pressure Heat Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas Stages in Coal Formation

30. Low cost (with huge subsidies) High net energy yield Ample supplies (225–900 years) Releases radioactive particles and mercury into air High CO 2 emissions when burned Severe threat to human health High land use (including mining) Severe land disturbance, air pollution, and water pollution Very high environmental impact Mining and combustion technology well- developed Air pollution can be reduced with improved technology (but adds to cost) Advantages Trade-Offs Coal Disadvantages Fig. 13-15, p. 297 Tradeoffs of Coal

31. Moderate cost (with large government subsidies) Vehicle fuel Large potential supply High water use Increased surface mining of coal High environmental impact Requires mining 50% more coal Higher cost than coal Low to moderate net energy yield Lower air pollution when burned than coal Advantages Trade-Offs Synthetic Fuels Disadvantages High CO 2 emissions when burned Fig. 13-16, p. 298 Tradeoffs of Synthetic Fuels from Coal

32. Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission Nuclear fission Nuclear chain reaction (p. 28) Nuclear chain reaction (p. 28) Light-water reactors (LWRs) Light-water reactors (LWRs) Control rods and containment vessels Control rods and containment vessels On-site storage of radioactive wastes On-site storage of radioactive wastes Safety features of nuclear power plants Safety features of nuclear power plants Nuclear fuel cycle Nuclear fuel cycle Large amounts of very radioactive wastes Large amounts of very radioactive wastes

33. Fig. 13-17, p. 299 Periodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes Pump Steam Small amounts of radioactive gases Water Turbine Generator Electrical power Hot water output Condenser Pump Pump Waste heat Useful energy 25 to 30% Water source (river, lake, ocean) Heat exchanger Containment shell Uranium fuel input (reactor core) Control rods Moderator Pressure vessel Shielding Coolant passage Coolant Hot coolant Light-Water Nuclear Reactors Waste heat Cold water input Pump

34. Fig. 13-18, p. 300 Decommissioning of reactor Reactor Fuel assemblies Enrichment UF 6 Conversion of U 3 O 8 to UF 6 Fuel fabrication (conversion of enriched UF 6 to UO 2 and fabrication of fuel assemblies) Uranium 235 as UF 6 Plutonium-239 as PuO 2 Low level radiation with long half-life Spent fuel reprocessing Temporary storage of spent fuel assemblies underwater or in dry casks Geologic disposal of moderate and high-level radioactive wastes Open fuel cycle today Prospective “closed” end of fuel cycle Nuclear Fuel Cycle

35. Decline of Nuclear Power Optimism of 1950s is gone Optimism of 1950s is gone Popularity of nuclear power is declining Popularity of nuclear power is declining Expensive source of power Expensive source of power Three Mile Island accident (1979) Three Mile Island accident (1979) Chernobyl disaster (1986) Chernobyl disaster (1986) Possible targets for terrorists Possible targets for terrorists

36. Low risk of accidents because of multiple safety systems (except in 35 poorly designed and run reactors in former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe) Moderate land use Moderate land disruption and water pollution (without accidents) Emits 1/6 as much CO 2 as coal Low environmental impact (without accidents) Large fuel supply Spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons No widely acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes and decommissioning worn-out plants Catastrophic accidents can happen (Chernobyl) High environmental impact (with major accidents) Low net energy yield High cost (even with large subsidies) Subject to terrorist attacks Advantages Trade-Offs Conventional Nuclear Fuel Cycle Disadvantages Fig. 13-19, p. 301 Tradeoffs of Nuclear Power

37. Ample supply High net energy yield Very high air pollution High CO 2 emissions High land disruption from surface mining High land use Low cost (with huge subsidies) Ample supply of uranium Low net energy yield Low air pollution (mostly from fuel reprocessing) Low CO 2 emissions (mostly from fuel reprocessing) Much lower land disruption from surface mining Moderate land use High cost (with huge subsidies) Coal Trade-Offs Coal vs. Nuclear Nuclear Fig. 13-20, p. 302 Coal vs. Nuclear Power

38. Dealing with Radioactive Wastes High-level wastes High-level wastes Safety of pool and dry cask storage Safety of pool and dry cask storage Bury them deep underground? Bury them deep underground? Shoot them into space? Shoot them into space? Bury them in ice sheets? Bury them in ice sheets? Dump them in subduction zones? Dump them in subduction zones? Dump them in the deep ocean sediments? Dump them in the deep ocean sediments? Somehow change them into less harmful isotopes? Somehow change them into less harmful isotopes?

39. Question of the Day What are the fuels used in What are the fuels used in A) Light-water reactors (LWRs) A) Light-water reactors (LWRs) B) Breeder Reactors B) Breeder Reactors C)What type of nuclear reaction is taking place to produce the energy. C)What type of nuclear reaction is taking place to produce the energy. Two of the three must be correct for one point

40. Answers A) Uranium - 235 A) Uranium - 235 B) Uranium - 238 B) Uranium - 238 C) Nuclear fission C) Nuclear fission

41. Yucca Mountain Permanent disposal site for US radioactive wastes Permanent disposal site for US radioactive wastes Concerns over groundwater contamination Concerns over groundwater contamination Concerns over earthquakes and volcanoes Concerns over earthquakes and volcanoes Difficulties in predicting future events Difficulties in predicting future events Concerns over transportation accidents and terrorism Concerns over transportation accidents and terrorism

42. Other Nuclear Issues Decommissioning old nuclear power plants Decommissioning old nuclear power plants “Dirty” bombs “Dirty” bombs High costs of nuclear power High costs of nuclear power Advanced light-water reactors (ALWRs) Advanced light-water reactors (ALWRs) Passive safety features Passive safety features Breeder nuclear fission reactors Breeder nuclear fission reactors Nuclear fusion (also see Fig. 2-7, p. 28) Nuclear fusion (also see Fig. 2-7, p. 28) Future of nuclear power in the US Future of nuclear power in the US

43. Improving Energy Efficiency Energy lost by 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics Energy lost by 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics Energy efficiency Energy efficiency Reducing energy waste Reducing energy waste Energy-wasting devices Energy-wasting devices Incandescent light bulb 95% WasteIncandescent light bulb 95% Waste Nuclear power plants 86 - 92% WasteNuclear power plants 86 - 92% Waste Internal combustion engine 75 - 80% WasteInternal combustion engine 75 - 80% Waste Coal-burning power plants 66% WasteCoal-burning power plants 66% Waste Government policies to save energy Government policies to save energy

44. Fig. 13-21, p. 306 Energy InputsSystemOutputs U.S. economy and lifestyles 86% 8% 3% 9% 7% 41% 43% Nonrenewable fossil fuels Nonrenewable nuclear Hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar Biomass Useful energy Petrochemicals Unavoidable energy waste Unnecessary energy waste Energy Inputs and Outputs in the US

45. Prolongs fossil fuel supplies Reduces oil imports Very high net energy Low cost Reduces pollution and environmental degradation Buys time to phase in renewable energy Less need for military protection of Middle East oil resources Improves local economy by reducing flow of money out to pay for energy Creates local jobs Solutions Reducing Energy Waste Fig. 13-22, p. 307 Advantages of Reducing Wasted Energy

46. Saving Energy Cogeneration in industry Cogeneration in industry Energy-wasting electric motors in industry Energy-wasting electric motors in industry Use fluorescent lighting Use fluorescent lighting Increase fuel efficiency in motor vehicles Increase fuel efficiency in motor vehicles Connections, p. 308: The Real Cost of Gasoline in the US Connections, p. 308: The Real Cost of Gasoline in the US

47. Fig. 13-23, p. 308 Year 1920193019401950196019701980199020002010 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 Dollars per gallon (in 1993 dollars) Real Price of Gasoline in the US (1993 Dollars)

48. Hybrid and Fuel-Cell Cars Hybrid-electric internal combustion engine Hybrid-electric internal combustion engine Fuel cells Fuel cells Hydrogen fuel Hydrogen fuel

49. Fig. 13-24, p. 309 Hybrid Gas- Electric Car RegulatorFuel Tank Trans- mission Battery bank Combustion engine Electric motor Fuel Electricity

50. Fuel-cell stack Converts hydrogen fuel into electricity Front crush zone Absorbs crash energy Electric wheel motors Provide four-wheel drive Have built-in brakes Hydrogen fuel tanks Air system management Body attachments Mechanical locks that secure the body to the chassis Universal docking connection Connects the chassis with the Drive-by-wire system in the body Rear crush zone absorbs crash energy Drive-by-wire system controls Side mounted radiators Release heat generated by the fuel cell, vehicle electronics, and wheel motors Cabin heating unit Fig. 13-25a, p. 310 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson

51. Fig. 13-25b, p. 310 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car

52. Saving Energy in Buildings Superinsulation and passive solar heating Superinsulation and passive solar heating Strawbale houses Strawbale houses Eco-roofs (green roofs) Eco-roofs (green roofs) Insulate and plug leaks in existing buildings Insulate and plug leaks in existing buildings Energy-efficient windows Energy-efficient windows Deal with heating and cooling losses in attics and basements Deal with heating and cooling losses in attics and basements More efficient heating of buildings More efficient heating of buildings More efficient (tankless instant) water heaters More efficient (tankless instant) water heaters Energy-efficient appliances and lighting Energy-efficient appliances and lighting

53. Fig. 13-26, p. 310 R-30 to R-43 insulation Insulated glass, triple-paned or superwindows (passive solar gain) R-30 to R-43 insulation Air-to-air heat exchanger R-30 to R-43 insulation Small or no north-facing windows or superwindows R-60 or higher insulation Superinsulated House

54. Strawbale House Fig. 13-27, p. 311

55. Infrared Photo Showing Heat Loss Fig. 13-28, p. 311

56. Why So Much Wasted Energy? Relatively cheap gasoline Relatively cheap gasoline Lack of government support and economic incentives Lack of government support and economic incentives Lack of information about benefits of saving energy Lack of information about benefits of saving energy