1. AGENDA Apr 7 Objectives 1. Explain evolutionary patterns that account for the history of life. 2. Describe how organisms are classified. 1. Chapter 17/18 Test 2. Begin work on Chapter 19 Bacteria Packet 3. Homework – Packet DUE WED Apr 9

2. CHAPTER 17/18 TEST 1. Complete the test. –Hand in all testing materials 2. Take a Bacteria Packet from the front table. 3. Begin working on the Packet. –CHAPTER 19 –DUE WEDNESDAY APR 9

3. Question of the Day Apr 8 The average size of a bacteria is closest to A. 20 nanometers B. 1 millimeter C. 100 micrometers D. 4 micrometers

4. NASA Video http://news.msn.com/science- technology/video?videoid=15aba123- b318-20ce-31cd-4736161c6ab5http://news.msn.com/science- technology/video?videoid=15aba123- b318-20ce-31cd-4736161c6ab5

5. Solar Flares Approximately 1/10 of the total energy emitted by the Sun every second. 10 million times greater than the force of a volcanic eruption or 100 million Hydrogen Bombs Sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness. Emits Electromagnetic radiation across entire spectrum.

6. AGENDA Apr 8 Objectives: Describe the characteristics used to identify bacteria. 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW 2. Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses 3. 19-1 Identifying Bacteria 4. Bacteria Packet –DUE WED APR 9

7. CHAPTER 19: Bacteria and Viruses

8. 19-1: Bacteria Bacteria commonly used to refer to prokaryotes. Prokaryotes were all grouped into Kingdom MONERA. –EUBACTERIA and ARCHAEABACTERIA Size ranges from 1 to 5 micrometers. Epulopiscium fisheloni –500 micrometers long

9. 19-1: Bacterial Kingdoms ARCHAEABACTERIA –DNA sequences more similar to Eukaryotes –Anaerobic Methanogans produce methane gas EUBACTERIA –Live almost anywhere –Single cell membrane or two cell membranes –What is the function of the second membrane?

10. Identifying Bacteria 1. Shape ROD  Bacilli SPHERICAL  Cocci SPIRAL and CORKSCREW  Spirilla

11. Identifying Bacteria 2. GRAM STAINING – Two Stains used Primary stain is VIOLETCounterstain is RED Gram + bacteria contain Peptidoglycan = VIOLET Gram - bacteria contain lipids = RED Add Primary Stain Add alcohol Alcohol breaks down lipids in cell walls Washes away stain in Gram – Add Counterstain 3. Movement – Flagella, Undulation, Secretions

12. Metabolic Diversity Chemoheterotrophs –Take in organic molecules for energy and carbon Photoheterotrophs –Use sunlight for energy –Take in orgo molecules for carbon Chemoautotrophs Make carbon compounds from CO2 Use energy from chemical reactions – H, Fe, S, N Photoautotrophs Use sunlight much like plants do Cyanobacteria – chlorophyll a

13. Releasing Energy Obligate Aerobes – require oxygen –Mycobacterium tuberculosis Obligate Anaerobes – Do not require oxygen –Oxygen can kill them –Clostridium botulinum Facultative Anaerobes – survive with or without oxygen –Esherichia coli

14. Question of the Day Apr 9 Which of the following is true about a chemoautoptroph? A. Use energy from sunlight B. Take in organic molecules for energy C. Produce carbon compounds from organic molecules D. Use energy from chemical reactions

15. AGENDA Apr 9 Objectives: Compare different mechanisms of bacterial reproduction. Explain why viruses are not living things. 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW 2. Finish 19-1 3. 19-2 Viruses 4. Bacteria Packet –DUE WED APR 9

16. Gram Staining Process 1. Apply violet stain (Primary stain) –Stains peptidoglycan cell walls 2. Alcohol wash used to wash out violet stain. –Retained in Gram + walls containing PEP 3. Alcohol dissolves lipids in cell walls of Gram – bacteria –Removes violet stain from much thinner walls 4. Red counterstain makes Gram - appear red or pink in color

17. Growth and Reproduction Binary Fission – DNA replicates, divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells Conjugation – Hollow bridge between two bacteria –Genes exchanged –Increases genetic diversity

18. Growth and Reproduction Spore Formation – mechanism of survival when conditions are unfavorable –Endospore forms when internal wall encloses DNA and cytoplasm

19. Importance of Bacteria Producers – Photosynthesis Decomposers – Break down dead matter Recycle nutrients within ecosystem Nitrogen Fixers – Convert Nitrogen gas into a usable compound such as ammonia Required by plants Uses of bacteria Sewage treatment Environmental cleanup and mining Enzymes for medicine, food production, and chemistry Genetic engineering Human digestive function

20. Question of the Day Apr 10 Which of the following is true about a lytic infection? A. A prophage is formed. B. Host cell copies viral DNA. C. The virus copies itself through conjugation. D. Copies of a virus are made after it enters cell.

21. AGENDA Apr 10 Objectives: Compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral infection. Explain why viruses are not living things. 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW 2. 19-2/19-3 Viruses 3. Virus Packet –DUE FRIDAY APR 11

22. 19-2: Discovery of Viruses Dimitri Ivanovski 1892 –studied tobacco plants –Juice from crushed leaves killed healthy plants –named it tobacco mosaic disease

23. 19-2: Viruses Particles of nucleic acids, proteins, and sometimes lipids. DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat Protein coat called a CAPSID –Proteins bind receptors on host cells. –Virus gains access into cell. - Very specific to cells they infect.

24. Virus Structures Recall phages from Chapter 12. Which scientists worked with them? Describe the experiment and its results.

25. Viral Infections Lytic Cycle Virus enters cell, makes copies, and bursts or lyses cell Lysogenic Cycle Viral DNA integrates into host cell’s DNA Viral genetic info replicates with cell’s DNA Prophage is viral DNA in host genome

26. Lytic vs Lysogenic Cycles

27. Influenza Infection http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0em EGShQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0em EGShQ Retroviruses contain RNA instead of DNA. –After infection, they produce DNA from their RNA –AIDS

28. AGENDA Apr 11 Objectives: Compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral infection. Explain why viruses are not living things. 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW 2. Finish Chapter 19 Notes 3. HOMEWORK CHECK 4. HAVE A GREAT SPRING BREAK!!!

29. DO NOW APR 11 DISEASE BACTERIAL OR VIRAL EFFECT ON BODY TRANSMISSION West Nile V Fever, Headache, Body Aches Mosquito Bite Tetanus B Lockjaw, Joint stiffness, fever, High BP Inhalation AIDS V Helper T cells destroyed (Immune System) Blood, Body Fluids, Pregnancy Hepatitis B V Fatigue, Abdom Pain Vomiting, Joint Pain Blood, Body Fluids Common Cold V Sneezing, Sore throat, Headache, Fever Contact with objects, Inhalation Strep Throat B Fever, Sore throat, cough, Fatigue Contact with mucus or wounds

30. Are Viruses Alive? Viruses are not considered living things. Do not meet all 8 characteristics of life Cannot reproduce independently No growth/development Do not use/obtain energy

31. 19-3: Diseases Pathogens are disease-causing agents. Bacterial Diseases –Break down cells for food –Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects lung cells –Release toxins that disrupt cell functions –C. diphtheriae  diphtheria –Breathing problems, paralysis, death

32. Preventing Bacterial Disease Vaccines and Antibiotics Louis Pasteur 1881 –Developd vaccine against anthrax Alexander Fleming 1928 –Discovers penicillin –Non-toxic but stops growth of pathogens Jonas Salk 1952 –Polio vaccine using a killed virus

33. Controlling Bacterial Growth Heat Sterilization Disinfectants Overuse of these compounds increases chance of becoming more resistant Food Storage and Processing Refrigeration and cooking methods

34. Viral Diseases Antibiotics ineffective. Best protection is vaccines. Viroids and Prions also cause disease Single stranded RNA with no capsid Made of protein with no DNA/RNA

35. EXIT PASS Apr 11 CLOSE YOUR NOTEBOOKS. COMPLETE THE ASSESSMENT CHECK Begin “MOST WANTED” Activity DUE TUESDAY APR 22