2. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Definitions: Human anatomy deals with the structure of the human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels.

3. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Definitions: Physiology is the study of the functions of healthy living organisms and the changes which occur during activity. - It continues beyond the study of anatomy into: Why??? What they do??? How parts work???

4. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Body systems comprise of many organs which are interdependent & function as a team to keep the body healthy and functional. Example: the respiratory system needs the circulatory system to distribute the blood & O 2.

5. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Body Systems There are 10 body systems Skeletal Muscular Nervous Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Endocrine Urinary + Reproductive Immune system Integumentary (Skin)

6. Locomotor System: The locomotor system or muscloskeletal system copmrises the skeletal elements, copmpsed principally of bone and cartillage, the joints between them, and the muscles which move the joints ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

7. Bone: - The greatest popular misconception about bone is that it is static and unchanging. This is NOT so. - It has blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It grows, remodel, breaks, and is subject to diseases. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

8. Bone: - Human body comprises of 206 bones. Classification of bone i- Axial skeleton (80 bones) ii- Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

10. I -Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones Skull Vertebral column Ribs (Thoracic cage) Sternum ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

11. II -Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones Upper extremities & shoulder girdle Lower extremities & pelvic girdle ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

12. Functions of bone 1.It forms a supporting framework for the body and provides the levers to which the muscles are attached. 2.It protects internal organs. 3.It acts a Calcium and Phosphorous store. 4.Many bones are hollow and contain marrow cavities - formation of blood cells (red marrow), fatty tissues (yellow marrow). ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

13. Types of bones : 1.Compact bone or Cortical bone 2.Cancellous bone or Spongy bone ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

14. Types of bones : 1.Compact bone or Cortical bone which is strong, hard, heavy, and forms the continuous outer layer or Cortex of all bones ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

15. Types of bones : 2. Cancellous bone or Spongy bone which consists of a network of spicules or trabeculae; it is lighter and less strong than the compact bone and is found in the ends of long bones and in the irregular bones ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

17. Cartilage is much softer than bone, because it has less minerals, BUT more elastic than bone. Cartilage is found on the ends of the bones, where they join together. Also found in ears & nose. It allows the bones to move easily over each other. non-vascular. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

20. Joints Wherever two bones meet each other, a joint is formed. Types: 1.Fibrous. 2.Cartilaginous 3.Synovial ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

21. Types of joints: 1.Fibrous as in the skull, immovable. The joints are called sutures.e.g, skull suture. 2.Cartilaginous joints as in-between vertebrae, allows slight movement. 3.Synovial joints are found where two bones need to move freely. - there are 6 types of synovial joints. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

22. Skull Suture- Fibrous Joint

23. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Vertebrae Cartilaginous Joint

24. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Types of synovial joints: 1.Ball & socket joint: The globular head of one bone articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another. This joint allows for the most freedom in movement than any other joint. It permits movement in all planes and rotational movement around a central axis. Examples: Hip, Shoulder

25. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2. Hinge joints: The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. It permits movement in one plane only. Examples: Elbow, Phalanges

26. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 3. Gliding joints: The articulating surfaces are flat or nearly curved. This joint allows sliding or back-and-forth motion and twisting movements, however, it does not allow great distance in movement. Examples: Wrist, Ankle, Vertebra

27. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 4. Pivotal joints: The cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue of a ligament. This joint permits rotational movement only. Examples: Radius to Ulna, Atlas to Axis

28. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 5- Saddle joints In this joint, both bones have articulating concave and convex regions. One bone fits the complementary surface of the other. This permits a variety of movements, particularly in two planes. Examples: Carpal and Metacarpal of the Thumb

29. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 6- Ellipsoidal joints or Condyloid joints The ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another. This joint allows a variety of movements in different planes, but not rotational movement. Examples: Metacarpals to Phalanges, Mandible to Temporal bone