1. What does this image show?

2. Learning Objective To understand how LA is facing increasing threats from a number of hazards To understand how LA is facing increasing threats from a number of hazards To begin to understand the management strategies implemented to reduce these risks To begin to understand the management strategies implemented to reduce these risks

3. Watch the Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc oHJHo8d6k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc oHJHo8d6k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc oHJHo8d6k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc oHJHo8d6k

5. What does this map show?

6. Task Sort the cards! Sort the cards! Have you sorted them into advantages and disadvantages for the Mexicans and the US? Have you sorted them into advantages and disadvantages for the Mexicans and the US? What have you learned from this What have you learned from this Create a spider diagram with the main points Create a spider diagram with the main points

7. The Situation in the United States According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Mexico is the country of origin for the largest numbers of illegal immigrants in the USA with 6,570,000 migrants, which is 57% of all illegal migrants.

8. Advantages for the United States Illegal Mexican immigrants have long met a significant portion of the demand for cheap labour in the United States. The majority of the employed men are restaurant workers, janitors, truck drivers, gardeners, construction labourers, material moving workers, or perform other types of manual or other blue collar labour. Illegal Mexican immigrants have long met a significant portion of the demand for cheap labour in the United States. The majority of the employed men are restaurant workers, janitors, truck drivers, gardeners, construction labourers, material moving workers, or perform other types of manual or other blue collar labour.

9. Disadvantages for the United States The illegal entry to the US, via its southern border, of an estimated 500,000 people each year, has led the US government to start building a security fence along the most sensitive areas. The illegal entry to the US, via its southern border, of an estimated 500,000 people each year, has led the US government to start building a security fence along the most sensitive areas. Occasionally, tensions have risen between Mexican immigrants and other ethnic groups because of increasing concerns over the availability of working-class jobs to Americans and immigrants from other ethnic groups. Occasionally, tensions have risen between Mexican immigrants and other ethnic groups because of increasing concerns over the availability of working-class jobs to Americans and immigrants from other ethnic groups. Opposition to illegal immigration has been reflected in the emergence of Minutemen groups - citizens who have taken it upon themselves to patrol the US borders and to confront illegal workers in cities around the US. Opposition to illegal immigration has been reflected in the emergence of Minutemen groups - citizens who have taken it upon themselves to patrol the US borders and to confront illegal workers in cities around the US. Money sent back to Mexico by the immigrants is money that is lost from the American Economy. In 2003 $13bn was sent to Mexico. Money sent back to Mexico by the immigrants is money that is lost from the American Economy. In 2003 $13bn was sent to Mexico.

10. The Situation in Mexico More than half of the estimated 11 million Mexicans residing in the US are there illegally, according to a report by the Mexican government. More than half of the estimated 11 million Mexicans residing in the US are there illegally, according to a report by the Mexican government. There are more Zacatecans now living in Los Angeles than in the city of Zacatecas. There are more Zacatecans now living in Los Angeles than in the city of Zacatecas.

11. Advantages for Mexico The average weekly wage in parts of Mexico is about 600 pesos, or $60. That's about one-sixth of what most immigrants can make in the States. A lot of which will be sent back to Mexico as remittances. The average weekly wage in parts of Mexico is about 600 pesos, or $60. That's about one-sixth of what most immigrants can make in the States. A lot of which will be sent back to Mexico as remittances. Despite the relative stagnation of the US economy, the flow of money keeps growing, according to recent data. In 2003 it increased by 35% - the total amount sent that year to Mexico was more than $13bn. Despite the relative stagnation of the US economy, the flow of money keeps growing, according to recent data. In 2003 it increased by 35% - the total amount sent that year to Mexico was more than $13bn. Remittances from Mexicans in the US have become one of Mexico's most important sources of income - second only to oil and surpassing the traditional tourism industry. Remittances from Mexicans in the US have become one of Mexico's most important sources of income - second only to oil and surpassing the traditional tourism industry.

12. Disadvantages for Mexico In Axochiapan, the lure of American money has created a town where fathers and husbands are absent for years on end, women are left alone to raise the children, and the community is growing increasingly dependent on money made elsewhere. In Axochiapan, the lure of American money has created a town where fathers and husbands are absent for years on end, women are left alone to raise the children, and the community is growing increasingly dependent on money made elsewhere. In the village of Jomulquillo, a couple of hours from the city of Zacatecas, what hits you as soon as you arrive is the silence. One of the few locals remaining there says that at the moment there are 80 people living in the village - 300 live in Los Angeles. With the empty houses, the closed windows and locked doors, this feels like a ghost town. But the pain of families being separated is somewhat compensated by these remittances that, in the case of Zacatecas, not only help the relatives but also their villages of origin. In the village of Jomulquillo, a couple of hours from the city of Zacatecas, what hits you as soon as you arrive is the silence. One of the few locals remaining there says that at the moment there are 80 people living in the village - 300 live in Los Angeles. With the empty houses, the closed windows and locked doors, this feels like a ghost town. But the pain of families being separated is somewhat compensated by these remittances that, in the case of Zacatecas, not only help the relatives but also their villages of origin. Critics argue that dependence on remittances can impair local initiative and create no incentives for people to move forward. Critics argue that dependence on remittances can impair local initiative and create no incentives for people to move forward. Women now outnumber men in rural areas and the women have problems finding suitable marriage partners. Women now outnumber men in rural areas and the women have problems finding suitable marriage partners. Young adults tend to migrate, leaving ageing communities behind. With fewer children these communities will gradually die out. Young adults tend to migrate, leaving ageing communities behind. With fewer children these communities will gradually die out. Hundreds of illegal immigrants who cross into the US from Mexico have died in the scorching heat of the Arizona desert. Hundreds of illegal immigrants who cross into the US from Mexico have died in the scorching heat of the Arizona desert.

13. 2003 American scientists at the Southern California Earthquake Centre (SCEC) have discovered a potentially lethal fault line beneath Los Angeles. The discovery of the fault isn’t new in itself, only the scientists now know its true destructive potential. The fault is about 30 miles long and is found in the Puente Hills region of downtown LA. It was formed by the collision of the Pacific and North American plates and was discovered only four years ago.The discovery of the fault isn’t new in itself, only the scientists now know its true destructive potential. The fault is about 30 miles long and is found in the Puente Hills region of downtown LA. It was formed by the collision of the Pacific and North American plates and was discovered only four years ago. Scientists used evidence from rock cores extracted from along the fault line to piece together its eruption history. The results of this show the Puente Hills fault to be one of the largest of the 100 faults that cross the Los Angeles region. Scientists believe that it dissipates its energy in frequent small earthquakes. However, they also found that the fault was capable of a huge quake of over 7.2 on the Richter scale every 2000 years.Scientists used evidence from rock cores extracted from along the fault line to piece together its eruption history. The results of this show the Puente Hills fault to be one of the largest of the 100 faults that cross the Los Angeles region. Scientists believe that it dissipates its energy in frequent small earthquakes. However, they also found that the fault was capable of a huge quake of over 7.2 on the Richter scale every 2000 years. Such an earthquake would devastate modern day Los Angeles as most of the buildings can only withstand quakes of around 5 on the Richter scale. Huge earthquakes of over 7.0 would be at least 1000 times stronger than this. A spokesperson for the US Geological Survey stated this was potentially devastating news for Los Angeles.Such an earthquake would devastate modern day Los Angeles as most of the buildings can only withstand quakes of around 5 on the Richter scale. Huge earthquakes of over 7.0 would be at least 1000 times stronger than this. A spokesperson for the US Geological Survey stated this was potentially devastating news for Los Angeles.

14. Tasks Locate Los Angeles on a map and state other potential hazards for the area. Why is Los Angeles still an attractive place for both immigrants and US citizens? Would you live there? Why?

15. So apart from migrants what hazards does LA face? Volcanoes Volcanoes Earthquakes Earthquakes Tsunamis Tsunamis Flooding Flooding Landslides Landslides Wildfires Wildfires Drought Drought Crime Crime

21. How is Arnold managing and planning to reduce the risks to LA? http://gov.ca.gov/issue/disaster- preparedness/ http://gov.ca.gov/issue/disaster- preparedness/ http://gov.ca.gov/issue/disaster- preparedness/ http://gov.ca.gov/issue/disaster- preparedness/ Watch the video & make notes Watch the video & make notes

22. Why does California have so many natural hazards? The answers lie in the geography of the state: The answers lie in the geography of the state: –Its geology –Its climate –And the way humans have used and misused the landscape and resources.

23. Task Draw your own map of LA showing the risks and management strategies. Draw your own map of LA showing the risks and management strategies.