United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865

United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865
Passing the Georgia High School Graduation Test and the State End of Course Test Review Material for GHSGT and SEOCT Prepared by Michelle Drayton and Marjorie Seckinger ECHS – United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865

Getting Started This presentation is not intended to be a substitute for classroom instruction. It is to be used as a review of the key terms, names, and concepts outlined in the standards for Social Studies – United States History Focus on the sequence of events

Social Studies There are five major domains on the GHSGT
Domain 1: American Government/Civics Domain 2: United States History to 1865 Domain 3: United States History Since 1865 Domain 4: World Geography Domain 5: World History

Social Studies Skills The test also includes the use of maps, charts, graphs, and document analysis Map and Globe Information Processing Skills

Domain 2: U.S History to 1865 Test questions in this content domain will measure your knowledge of the colonization of North America, the creation of the United States government, the Constitution, expansion, and the crisis of the Civil War.

SSUSH1: The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century
Desire for profit led to the settlement of the first successful English colony -Jamestown 1607 -Settled by stockholders of the Virginia Company -Stockholder hoped to make profit from settlement of Jamestown

Jamestown Tobacco became the cash crop – saved the colony from failure
The settlement led to conflict with the Native Americans who differed in their views of land -land was owned communally – no one individual could own the land -crops were gathered by the tribe and shared in common

Native American vs. Colonists
Colonists fenced the land and introduced heavy cultivation of the land Powhatan – Native Americans who lived in the area of Jamestown Came into conflict with settlers over the land

Colonization House of Burgesses - first legislative assembly
Made laws for the colonists of Virginia and planned its growth and development

Colonization Bacon’s Rebellion
-Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry with the Governor for failing to protect them from Native American attacks. They formed an army, defeated the Indians and marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The Governor fled and the rebellion ended when Bacon died of an illness.

Development of Slavery
Early attempts to supply labor for the colonies was done in the form of Indentured Servants -indentured servants – worked for a set period of time -failed to supply enough labor to meet the needs first African slaves introduced into the colonies

French settlement of Quebec
France established trading posts with Native Americans in Canada Fur trade became an important economic activity between the French and the Indians

Settlement of New England
Plymouth- settled by the Pilgrims 1620 - Pilgrims were “separatists” who believed that the Church of England (Anglican Church) could not be “purified” and left England to escape persecution - Puritans believed that the church had too many Catholic rituals and needed to be changed but were not willing to separate from the church.

New England Puritans received the right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area in 1630. Mayflower Compact – first colonial agreement that formed a government by the consent of the governed Held town meeting at which all male resident could speak

Beginning of Colonial Government
Town meetings were important to the development of democracy in America Not so democratic - only male members of the Puritan Church could vote of hold office Puritans banished people who disagreed with them and the Church

Dissent Roger Williams – Rhode Island established on the basis of religious toleration. He believed that the government should not punish anyone for their religious beliefs Rhode Island: non-church members could vote, towns could reject laws of the colony’s legislature Freedom of Religion

Puritans Halfway Covenant – applied to members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who had not received “grace” themselves. It allowed them to participate in some church affairs (This was in response to the declining number of people in the Puritan Church)

Puritan Salem Witch Trials - (Massachusetts)
Began with young girls accusing people of witchcraft – led to 19 hangings and many others imprisoned

Native Americans Native Americans help the settlers of Plymouth to survive the harsh conditions As the numbers of settlers increased the relationships between the Indians and the settlers changed Puritans began to force the Indians off of tribal lands

Tensions Increase King Philip’s War 1675
- A series of battles in New Hampshire between colonists and the Wampanoags, led by King Philip (Metacom) - started when government tried to assert jurisdiction over local Indians - The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks. - Led to opening of new lands to settlement as Indians fled the area.

Massachusetts Charter
In an effort of exert more control over the colonist, the King revoked the charter that gave Massachusetts the power to govern themselves. It became a royal colony and subject to the laws of the Navigation Acts.

Mid-Atlantic Colonies
New York New Jersey Pennsylvania

New York Settled by the Dutch for fur trade – in competition with the French Capital was New Amsterdam Became New York when the English captured it Name change to New York (after Duke of York) Became center of trade and commerce

Pennsylvania Settled by the Quakers – left England to escape religious persecution William Penn received land grant from King Charles II Experiment in religious toleration Philadelphia became center of trade

SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed. Mercantilism- economic policy in which a nation gains wealth by exporting more than it imports. -Britain exercised control over the colonies by passing laws regarding trade -Colonies became a source of raw materials to be manufactured into finished products by workers in England

Navigation Acts Designed to protect British shipping from foreign competition - Colonist could import goods if they were transported on British ships - Certain goods could only be purchased from or sold to Britain - Served to restrict colonial trade with other countries

Trans-Atlantic Trade Trade between Europe, Africa, the West Indies, and the American colonies Routes along the Atlantic Coast (not always triangular) Involved items such as rum, molasses, slaves, and manufactured goods Middle Passage – part of Triangular Trade route that moved slaves across the Atlantic from Africa to the West Indies. Resulted in many deaths aboard the ships.

The Enlightenment An intellectual movement in which reason and scientific experimentation was emphasized. Benjamin Franklin was a leading Enlightenment thinker - focused on government, ethics, and science Believed in individualism (relying on self) He believed that a man’s worth was measured by his contribution to society Believed that the world was run by natural laws

The Great Awakening The Great Awakening was a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730’s. First event to unify the colonies Revival of faith - encouraged people to get emotional about their religious beliefs Resulted in the growth of new denominations, the spread of religious toleration and the movement away from the old Puritan Church

SSUSH3 The Student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution
Differences between French and British colonization The British settled mainly along the coast, where they started farms, towns, and governments. More settlement of whole families. Little interaction with natives other than fighting. The French Colonized the interior and controlled the fur trade. Most immigrants were single men. Few towns and only loose governmental authority. Lived closely with the Indians and engaged in fur trade.

French and Indian War Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. Some Indians became allies with the French (Algonquin) because they feared British expansion into their area. The colonies fought under British commanders

French and Indian War The British won and gained control of French territory – including Canada. Treaty of Paris 1763 – official end War left Britain with a huge war debt – they expected the colonists to help pay the debt because the war was fought to protect them from the French.

Causes of the American Revolution
Proclamation of 1763 issued by the British at the end of the French and Indian War Proclamation prohibited settlement of land west of the Appalachian Mts. Forced colonists already settled there to move back east.

Purpose: to make peace with the Indians and to reduce the cost of having military to protect the colonists Colonial reaction to Proclamation of 1763 ANGRY – believed that they would be able to settle in the fur rich Ohio Valley Some disobeyed and moved into the area

Stamp Act – passed by Parliament to raise revenue (money) Required that all official documents (wills, deeds, and contracts) be written on special stamped British paper. Very unpopular – led to protests

Stamp Act Congress – formed to protest the Stamp Act Riots, burned stamped paper, Boycott of British goods Forced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act

Samuel Adams – formed the Sons of Liberty to protests the actions of the British in dealing with the colonists. Boston Tea Party – Sons of Liberty opposed the passage of taxes without the consent of the colonists. They dumped tea in the harbor as a protest to “taxation without representation.”

British response to the Boston Tea Party was the Intolerable Acts. (Coercive Acts) - Closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for - Allowed soldiers to be “quartered” (housed) in colonial homes and buildings - Closed colonial courts and disbanded the local government

Committees of Correspondence – formed as a way to spread information throughout the colonies Served as a way to encourage support for colonial boycotts and protests

Thomas Paine wrote “Common Sense” Encouraged colonists to seek independence Spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government Important in turning public opinion in favor of the revolution

As the colonies grew in size and complexity, the ties with Britain began to weaken Many believed that they could gain economically through independence Others believed that their rights were being violated by the British Some resented the control that King George III attempted to exercise over the colonies Most resented the fact the the colonies were not represented in Parliament About 1/3 of the population disagreed – the loyalist- they remained loyal to the King

SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution The American Revolution begins in 1775 with a skirmish at Lexington, Massachusetts The First Continental Congress acted to form an army and to make George Washington the Commander. The debate was over independence – even though the war had begun – most were still reluctant to make the final break with Britain

Declaring Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson Uses the philosophy of John Locke – consent of the governed – believes that people give their consent to be governed - if their rights are abused, the people have the right to withdraw their consent and form a new government

Declaring Independence
Thomas Jefferson also relied on the work of French philosopher – Charles Montesquieu Separation of powers – the powers of a government should be divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches so that no one part can become too powerful.

Declaration of Independence
Two major parts Part One: gives Jefferson’s view of what a government should be and that all men are entitled to life, liberty, and property (pursuit of happiness) Part Two: gives a list of grievances against King George III It offers justification for going to war against Britain and declares that the “United States of America is and, by right, ought to be independent.” Hoped to win support of people in the colonies and leaders of foreign nations

Foreign Aid Benjamin Franklin was the most widely known individual from the colonies. He was respected for his Enlightenment thinking. Sent to France to persuade them to recognize the colonies as an independent nation Hoped to gain aid from the French The French were eventually convinced to help

Foreign Aid in the American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben (Prussian) aided the colonists by training troops in military discipline and fighting France – signed a treaty with the Americans – sent aid in the form of troops, money, loans, and military supplies The aid of the French Navy at the battle of Yorktown was important in forcing the surrender of the British army under Cornwallis to end the war.

Leaders of the Revolution
George Washington – gained some military experience from the French and Indian War Was not considered good at military strategy –he relied on others to plan battles Strength was in leadership, motivation, and organization Strict in discipline and expected the same from his soldiers

George Washington Faced many challenges as commander of the Continental Army - constantly low on supplies, money, and men - army lack experience and military discipline Valley Forge – considered the low point of the war – winter headquarters for Washington’s Army Lost 2,000 men to cold and disease

George Washington Although he was not considered a brilliant strategist – his plan to cross the Delaware River and attack the Hessian fort at Trenton boosted the morale of the army and gave them much needed supplies The Crossing of the Delaware was accomplished on freezing cold Christmas night.

The War comes to an End General Cornwallis – British commander - had little respect for the Continental Army (Americans) His decision to take the war to the South had been a good decision as he went quickly through Georgia and into Charleston, SC where he had major victories As he moved through the Carolinas - he suffered some defeats and decided to retreat to Virginia where he could be reinforced and re-supplied. His retreat led him to Yorktown, VA

The War Comes to an End Yorktown, VA 1781
Cornwallis is trapped on the coast by the George Washington’s army, soldiers under the command of Marquis de Lafayette and the French Navy in the Atlantic. After three weeks of bombardment – Cornwallis is forced to surrender

Treaty of Paris 1783 Ended the Revolutionary War
Recognized the independence of the colonies Granted land to the Mississippi river and established the Northern and Southern boundaries

Impact of the war First anti-slavery group
Many northern states abolished slavery Women made small gains in legal rights but were valued most as the mothers of future patriots. Native Americans continued to be pushed off of their land

SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution. Among the first challenges of the new nation was to create a plan of government. This 1st plan was written in the middle of fighting the war and reflects the fear of creating a strong central government Led to a period known as the “Critical Period”

The Articles of Confederation
Powers included: Declare war Foreign policy Issuing money

The Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses included: Gave federal (central) government too little power – could not unite the independent states No power to tax – could not raise money to conduct business or pay foreign debts No executive branch – no one to carry out the laws of the legislative branch No judicial branch – no one to settle disputes between states or to interpret the meaning of laws

Daniel Shays’s Rebellion
Poor, indebted landowners in western Massachusetts attempted to stop the foreclosures on their farms by shutting down the court houses. Led riots against the state government. Federal government too weak to help Boston remove the rebels This rebellion showed how weak the government was under the Articles of Confederation People called for changes to the Articles

The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists
Philadelphia – 1787 – delegates gathered to discuss ways to amend the Articles Problems: Amending required consent of all 13 states Each state acted more like an independent nation Issues such as slavery, representation, debts, and strength of the federal government caused major divisions among the states

The Constitution James Madison and Alexander Hamilton were among the most important supporters of a new, stronger constitution and called for a convention They will make up the key members of the Federalist Party who will argue for the ratification of the new Constitution

The Constitution Is a series of compromises to settle the issues that divided the states. Representation in Congress – Small states wanted equal representation. Larges states wanted representation to be based on size of the population The Great Compromise - Settled the issue of representation

The Great Compromise It created a two house (bicameral) legislature
The Senate (favored by the small states) – gave each state an equal number of representatives in Congress (2) The House of Representatives (favored the large states) gave each states representative based on their population

The Constitution To reassure people that the new government would not be too powerful - the framers….. Limited government - they placed limits the power of our government by stating those powers in the Constitution Divided powers between state and federal governments (Federalism)

Separation of Powers To avoid the concentration of power in one branch – the Constitution separated the powers into three branches of government Legislative – to make the laws Executive – to carry out the laws Judicial – to interpret the laws

Checks and Balances To prevent any one branch from gaining too much power – a system of checks and balances allows a branch to check (stop) an action of another branch if that action violates the Constitution

Other issues Slavery - the issue of abolishing slavery was avoided because of fear that Southern states would walk out without making the changes necessary to strengthen the government Compromised over the issue of counting slaves for the purpose of representation - known as the Three-Fifths Compromise – it counts each slave as 3/5 of a person Additionally, stated that slave trade could continue for at least twenty years

Federalists vs. Anti-federalist
Preferred stronger central government Dominated by business interests – power to regulate economy Manufacturing - trade Weaker central government More power in the states Believed in individual rights Supported by smaller -rural communities Farmers

Federalists vs. Anti-federalists
Believed in a republican (representative) form of government Better suited to control mob rule Did not believe a Bill of Rights was necessary because individual rights would be protected by each state Believed in more democratic form of government Believed that a strong central government would work to limit individual freedoms Supported a Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Federalists believed that the Constitution would not allow the President to become too powerful. Can be impeached Has to be re-elected every four years Checks and balances will prevent excessive control of government Anti-federalist feared that a strong executive would abuse power the same as a monarch. Believed that the method of electing the president was too far removed from the people.

Hamilton and Madison Wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the Constitution A republican form of government was best for a large nation It would prevent the rise of factions which would disregard the public good

Bill of Rights The Federalist compromised on the issue of a Bill of Rights in order to secure the ratification of the Constitution Constitution ratified in 1789

Bill of Rights 1st ten amendments to the Constitution Includes:
freedom of speech, religion and press, trial procedures -fair, bail, double jeopardy, trial by jury keep and bear arms freedom from unreasonable searches, a provision that stated that all powers not granted to the federal government were reserved by the states and individuals. no quartering of troops

President George Washington
Establish precedents: Cabinet of advisors Two terms as president Farewell address - warned against the formation of political parties - warned against getting involved in foreign affairs 4. Supported political balance in government by appointing people who did not support his ideas

Whiskey Rebellion – led by Pennsylvania farmers – riots led to death of federal officers Opposed a new tax on Whiskey Washington led the army to put down the rebellion Showed that the new government, under the Constitution, could act swiftly to deal with the problem

Did not get involved in the French Revolution and issued Proclamation of Neutrality Jay’s Treaty with Britain - settled boundary dispute with British Canada - gave British most favored trade status Angry of treaty with Britain - France began to seize American shipping in the West Indies –

President John Adams Leader of the Federalist party
Appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Helped pass a series of laws known as the Alien and Sedition Acts – aimed at immigrants and people who criticized the government Led to party conflict

Adams and the “Midnight” Judges
Adams appointed several Federalist Judges on his last night in office. 4 of the appointments letters were not delivered before midnight Jefferson, as the new president, would not have them delivered Led to Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison – stated that the Supreme Court had the power of judicial review (power of the court to “review” actions of the executive branch – to determine if constitutional

Political Parties Federalists J. Adams – Alex. Hamilton
Power in hands of wealthy and educated Based on manufacturing Loose interpretation of Constitution Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson Power in the hands of the people – Economy based on agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution Opposed Alien and Sedition Acts

Would have same rights as original 13 states
SSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation. Northwest Ordinance – set a plan for establishing governments for the West Also established plan for statehood – guaranteed a republican form of government Would have same rights as original 13 states

Settlement of the Territories
U.S. became “land rich” The ordinance divided the land into small and affordable parcels People were encouraged to buy their own land Funds from some of the land helped pay for education People developed farms and communities Settlement spread throughout the NW territories

These communities soon gained enough population to apply for statehood important piece of legislation passed under the Articles, it established the precedent by which the United States would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states, rather than by the expansion of existing states.

The banning of slavery in the territory had the effect of establishing the Ohio River as the boundary between free and slave territory in the region between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. The government tried to maintain a balance between slave states and free states.

The Louisiana Purchase
Problem: Spain returns Louisiana Territory to France in a treaty U.S. concerned about France on our border U.S. needs the port at New Orleans for trade France decides to sell entire territory for $15 million

The Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson concerned purchase is unconstitutional Believed it was a diplomatic answer to threat of France on our border Lewis and Clark – appointed to explore – Collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals from St. Louis to Pacific

War of 1812 Issues Impressment of U.S. citizens into British navy
Interference with U.S. shipping War declared on Britain – few major battles White House burned Inspired Star Spangled Banned Battle of New Orleans only major victory – gave U.S. impression of winning the war and development of national identity

Internal improvements
Erie Canal – provided new shipping route from New York to the Hudson River Caused New York to become the center of trade and commerce National Road – was part of an internal improvement plan to unite the sections of the nation with trade. It stretched from Maryland to Illinois. First internal improvements made by the federal government – linked the North and West

Monroe Doctrine Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere (North and South America). Any interference from Europe would be seen as a threat to the United States. U.S. did not have the military or diplomatic power to enforce the doctrine

Monroe Doctrine Reasons it was issued
Most of Spain’s colonies had revolted and declared independence U.S. afraid that other European nations would rush in to claim them as colonies and would drag the U.S. into more wars Gave U.S. sense of national pride Only Great Britain supported the Doctrine

SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic grown, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it. Eli Whitney – Invented the cotton gin - made cotton profitable - led to the increase in production of cotton - led to the increase in the number of slaves. Developed interchangeable part for guns – It revolutionized the manufacturing process and led the development of mass production in other products

Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution did not reach the U. S. until after the War of 1812 Began to manufacture goods with the aid of factories and machines New England emerged as a manufacturing center because in had many rivers to supply water power, plus a better system of roads and canals. First major industries was textiles

Manifest Destiny Belief that is inevitable that the U.S. would expand to the Pacific U.S. (Adams-Onis Treaty) bought Florida from Spain Texas gains independence from Mexico and asks to be annexed (added) to the United States in 1845

Westward Expansion Mexico considered the annexation of Texas an “act of aggression” War with Mexico broke out over a dispute of the Texas – Mexico border. U.S. won easily – and the treaty gave the U.S. the Mexican Cession which included – New Mexico, California for $18 million

Westward Expansion Oregon Annexation – in treaty with Britain – U.S. gains Oregon Territory Gadsden Purchase – U.S. purchases part of New Mexico, and Arizona to build a southern transcontinental railroad. By 1849 gold is discovered in California – thousands rush westward

Reform Movements Social reform movements – believed in the goodness of the human person and promoted changes in society to guarantee respect and dignity for all individuals.

Second Great Awakening
– Revivalist preachers inspired Christians with religious enthusiasm. Do good works God’s love and grace could change people Camp meetings – traveling preachers

Transcendentalism Literary and philosophical movement
Believed in individualism and self-reliance Believed in nature Did not believe in conformity Ralph Waldo Emerson – Poet – promoted these ideas in his writing Henry David Thoreau – chose to go to jail rather than pay taxes to support the Mexican War –

Educational and Social Reform
Horace Mann – supported the education of both men and women through public schools Believed that education was important in a democracy Supported the building of state hospitals for the insane

Educational and Social Reform
Dorothea Dix - promoted legislation to improve mental institutions and prisons Temperance Movement – members wanted to moderate the use of alcohol. Some advocated the total banning of alcohol Abolitionist Movement – wanted to end slavery. Successful in ending slave trade – brought attention to the slavery issue but was not able to end slavery until the Civil War.

Suffrage Movement Women participated in many social movements such as temperance and abolition. Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize the first women’s rights convention – known as the Seneca Falls Conference Called for the right to vote

Jacksonian Democracy Andrew Jackson – support for the common man led to term Jacksonian Democracy Property qualifications for voting were dropped – increased the number of people who were allowed to vote – gained support from poorer people Spoils System – rewarded his supporters with government jobs – sometimes people were not qualified – made government inefficient.

Jacksonian Democracy Presidency called the “Age of the Common Man” - believed that government should be for the common people Free public schools, more voters, better working conditions, Development of American Nationalism – feelings of pride in being an American - more people took part in government

SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. Slavery became a significant issue in the U.S. as a result of the abolitionist movement. Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin written to show the horrors of slavery – widely read in northern states. William Lloyd Garrison – “The Liberator” newspaper published to support abolition Fredrick Douglas – former slave – spoke through out the North on Abolition The Grimke sisters – daughters of a wealthy plantation owner – wrote and lectured on abolition

Nat Turner 1831 slave uprising – believed that he was a divine instrument sent to free his people. Killed almost 60 whites in Virginia. Led to manhunt in which 100 blacks were killed Resulted in strict slave codes to prevent new uprisings Fugitive slave laws enacted

Missouri Compromise Dispute over admission of Missouri as a slave state. Concern in Congress over the political balance of power between the number of free states and the number of slave states. Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Drew a line at the 36’30 mark – all states above the line would be admitted as free states and below the line as slave states. Temporarily settled the issue

Nullification Crisis – States’ Rights
Southern states opposed protective tariffs because they raised the cost of imported goods that they purchased from Britain Northern states wanted tariffs that protected new industries The South strongly opposed the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 – believed that they had the right to refuse to collect the tariff on imported goods

Nullification Crisis John C. Calhoun of South Carolina called a convention to forbid the collecting to tariffs – under theory of States’ Rights Nullification – to make null and void Calhoun was Vice-President under Andrew Jackson but so strongly opposed many of his ideas that Calhoun resigned

Nullification Crisis Congress passed a Force Bill that authorized President Jackson to use the army to collect duties on imported goods. Trouble was avoided when both sides compromised in 1833 Result – idea of States’ Rights became important - increased tension between North and South

The South Farming, economy based on cotton
Cotton production tied to plantation system and slavery Few immigrants from Europe Manufactured little Imported much Opposed high tariffs because they raised price of imported goods Opposed strong central government – feared that it would interfere with slavery

The North Industrial economy based on manufacturing
Factories needed labor but not slave labor Immigrants worked in factories Connected to the west Wanted high tariffs to protect its own products Needed central government to build roads and railways to protect trading interests

Tensions increase The war with Mexico had led to the acquisition on a large block of land. Many of the people in the new territories – such as California opposed slavery. Wilmot Proviso was introduced into Congress – it proposed that slavery be barred from the new territories gained from Mexico. It did not pass – but did provoke the first debate on slavery Promoted the principle of free soil and ideas of the Republican Party

Compromise of 1850 Called for the admission of California as a free state Organized Utah and New Mexico without restrictions on slavery Abolished slavery in the District of Columbia Passed tougher Fugitive slave laws Temporarily halted talk of secession by the South

Slavery and States’ Rights
SSUSH9 – The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War The building of tensions throughout the early 1800’s will boil over into a civil war. Issues include Slavery and States’ Rights

Popular Sovereignty The people living in the area would vote on the slavery issue. Was meant as a way to end the debate over slavery in Congress. Southern states were in favor – Instead it led to increased tensions and violence as both sides tried to force the issue in the territories

Kansas-Nebraska Act Allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether or not to permit slavery Repealed agreement reached under the Missouri Compromise Kansas became known as “Bleeding Kansas” as deadly clashes occurred between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups Illegal voting by pro-slavery groups led to two governments and a state of war in Kansas.

Dred Scott Case A Missouri slave sued for his freedom , claiming that his four stay in a free territory had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that he could not sue in federal court because he was not a citizen Bought national attention to slavery issue.

John Brown’s Raid A militant abolitionist - had led raids in Kansas against pro-slavery group – killed five 1859 – led abolitionist raid on the U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. He planned to end slavery by by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves He was captured and executed.

The Civil War The new Republican Party was successful in electing Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 The platform of the party included anti-slavery Southern states believed that Lincoln would work to abolish slavery and threatened to secede if he was elected South Carolina seceded from the Union in Dec – Civil War begins April,1861

President Abraham Lincoln
Primary goal in the Civil War was to preserve the Union Did not believe that the South had the right to secede from the Union Believed that they were merely in rebellion Stated that he only wished to restrict the spread of slavery Later moved to end slavery

Use of emergency powers Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus – which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him Thousand were arrested for disloyal acts Began policy of drafting men into military service. The Supreme was slow to declare Lincoln’s action as unconstitutional

In Lincoln’s second inaugural address – He believes that the war will come to an end soon and that slavery will be ended That we should “bind up the nation’s wounds – Be one nation again without malice (harm) to anyone - Stated that it was time to seek a just and lasting peace Believed that the North should not seek revenge on the South for the war

Military Leaders Robert E. Lee – Commander of the Confederate at the end of the Civil War - put loyalty to his home state, Virginia, above everything else. Fought for the Confederacy to protect his home - he was not in favor of slavery and disagreed with secession Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – Confederate General – Lee’s second in Command - Best military leaders in the Civil War

Military Leader Ulysses Grant – Northern General
Led Union forces through the last year of the war William T. Sherman – “total warfare” believed in destroying the South’s will and ability to fight by burning factories, bridges, and homes. Destroyed ports, railroad, food supplies, and anything that aided the South Led the March to the Sea – burned a 60 mile wide path through Georgia and South Carolina

Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy
Confederate government was considered ill prepared to fight the war Frequent disagreement in the government hampered the war effort

Battles Fort Sumter – first shots of the war
South Carolina had seceded from the Union and had demanded that the Union troops abandon Fort Sumter Lincoln had refused – and informed SC that it was sending relief supplies to the fort – did not wish to provoke a war SC decided to fire on the fort before relief supplies could arrive

Battles Antietam – bloodiest battle of the war
Union won but casualties were so high that Lincoln relieved Gen. McClellan of his command

Battles Vicksburg – Union victory On the Mississippi River –
General Grant began a siege of the city – lasted two months Confederates ran out of supplies and were forced to surrender This victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi and cut the Confederacy in half

Battles Gettysburg A failed attempt by the Confederate army to attack in the North Bloody fighting on both sides Considered a turning point in the war because the Confederacy no longer had the ability to launch an offensive into Union Territory.

Battles Battle for Atlanta- Northern victory – led by General Sherman
Atlanta was a vital railroad terminal for the South. Atlanta was burned to the ground Destroyed ability of Confederacy to supply the war effort

Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the Union victory at Antietam Freed all slaves in the states that were in rebellion only Encouraged slaves to run away – caused a declined in cotton production Manpower was used on plantations to stop runaway slaves Freed Slaves joined the Union Army Gave a moral reason for the war – prevented foreign aid to the South (ENGLAND)

Comparison to the North and South
Population 24 million Money in trade, manufacturing 90% of industry located in North Superior navy Transportation - 75% of railroads in North Factories could supply arms and ammunition South Population 9 million Money in land, slavery, cotton Best military leaders Lacked factories, good transportation system

Web Links to practice tests for U.S. History and Government
Username: effinghamhs Password: 8692

End of Part One Part Two covers: U.S. History since 1865

United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback