1. Planning for Food Access CDC Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity & Obesity Teleconference November 19, 2009 Kimberley Hodgson, MURP, MS, RD Manager, Planning & Community Health Research Center American Planning Association khodgson@planning.org

2. http://www.planning.org American Planning Association  Non-profit, professional membership & education organization  Over 44,000 members  Advocates & encourages good planning practices

3. http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health Planning & Community Health Research Center Mission  Integrate community health issues into every stage and phase of urban and regional planning practice.

4. http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health Planning & Community Health Research Center Priority Areas:  Physical activity and active living  Access to healthy food  Aging population and people with disabilities  Community design  Schools  Environmental justice and social equity  Environmental health  Future planners and health professionals

5. Learning Objectives  Explain how urban planning related policies can influence the community food system.  Describe the role of the local comprehensive plan in improving food access at the local government level.  List 3 planning-related regulations that can be used to preserve community gardens and other forms of urban agriculture.

6. Community Planning & Food Access  Types  Number  Location  Proximity

7. Changing the Food Environment 1.Partnerships & Consensus Building 2.Visioning & Goal Setting 3.Assessments 4.Plan-Making 5.Regulations 6.Site Design & Development 7.Public investment

8. COMMUNITY FOOD SYSTEM ASSESSMENT  Inventory, assessment and analysis of selected community food system characteristics

9.  Conducted by Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission  Evaluation and analysis of the regional food supply  Stakeholders  Agricultural resources  Production trends  Natural resource constraints  Origins and destinations of food imports and exports  Economic significance of the food economy. Source: http://www.dvrpc.org/Food/FoodSystemStudy.htm Greater Philadelphia Food System Study

10. Source: http://www.dvrpc.org/Food/FoodSystemStudy.htm

11. PLAN-MAKING  Comprehensive or general plan  Strategic plans  Sub-area plans  Functional plans

12. The comprehensive plan  Required by state statute (in most states)  10-30 year vision  Goals, action items, and policies for the future of a community  Social, economic and environmental topical areas  Legal foundation for local level regulations, policies and ordinances  Public and private decisions that affect the long-range future of a community

13.  Mandatory Elements  Transportation  Housing  Land Use  Natural Resources  Optional Elements  Economic Development  Parks & Open Space  Water & Air Quality  Health  Agriculture  Food The comprehensive plan (cont.)

14. Comprehensive plan-making process Image Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/docManager/1000000775/00_Introduction.pdf

15. Plan-making for food access 1.Community food access issues 2.Public engagement and education 3.Community goals & objectives 4.Action steps & policies 5.Long-term health of the community

16. Source: http://www.kingcounty.gov/property/permits/codes/growth/CompPlan.aspx

17. Goal Examples

18. Goal Examples (cont.)

20. Source: http://www.migcom.com/projects/view/3

21. Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html

28. Source: http://www.co.marin.ca.us/depts/cd/main/fm/cwpdocs/CWP_CD2.pdf

33. Source: http://www.ci.baltimore.md.us/government/planning/sustainability/

37. REGULATIONS  Development regulations  Design guidelines and standards  Financial incentives and policies

38. Zoning  Divides land into different land use categories which determine how the land can be used:  Specifies what can or cannot be built on the land:

39. Source: http://citymaps10.phila.gov/ZoningOverlay/ and http://www.zoningmatters.org/facts/districts

40. Zoning for Food Access | Used-Based Zoning  Use-Based Zoning Regulations  Permit location of healthy food outlets  Conditionally permit or restrict certain food outlets  Prohibit unhealthy food outlets

41. Zoning for Food Access | Other Zoning Regs  Other Zoning Regulations  Incentive Zoning  Performance Zoning  Interim Zoning  Restrictive Covenants

42. Zoning for Healthy Food Retail  New York, NY  Chicago, IL

43. Source: http://www.nyc.gov/html/misc/html/2009/fresh.shtml NYC Food Retail Expansion to Support Health

44. NYC FRESH Criteria  Who is eligible?  What are the requirements to become a FRESH store?  Why become a FRESH store? What are the incentives? Grocery Store Operators Developers | | | 6,000 sq ft retail space 30% perishable foods 8% fresh produce

45. NYC FRESH Zoning Incentives  Additional floor space  Taller buildings  Less parking

46. NYC FRESH Financial Incentives  Real Estate Tax Reductions  Sales Tax Exemption  Mortgage Recording Tax Deferral

47. Source: http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=2935 Limiting Restrictive Covenants | Chicago  Prevent competitors from using land  Limits new store development  Reduces access to fresh, affordable food  Contributes to neighborhood blight

48. Source: http://www.metroplanning.org/cmadocs/Restrictive_covenants_issue_brief.pdf

49. Zoning for Urban Agriculture  Boston, MA  Minneapolis, MN  Ann Arbor, MI  Chattanooga, TN

50. Zoning for Unhealthy Food  Ban  Concord, MA; San Francisco, CA; Newport, RI; Carlsbad, Calistoga, and Solvang, CA  Cap  Berkeley, CA  Distance  Arden Hills, MN  Moratorium  Los Angeles, CA

51. Source: Planning and Urban Design Standards, APA 2006 Design guidelines  Provide guidance to urban designers, architects, landscape architects, planners, civil and environmental engineers, and private developers involved in the planning and implementation of development and redevelopment projects.  Provide guidance on the design and placement of buildings and the open space, streets, sidewalks, and plazas between and around buildings:  Building setbacks  Architectural style  Parking  Streetscapes  Signage  Materials  Sustainability  Open space  Public space

52. Source: http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20090120/documents/p2.pdf Urban Agriculture Design Guidelines | Vancouver

53.  Overall Guidance  Siting and access  Co-location with other amenities to facilitate and encourage social interaction  Design  Support facilities

54. Form-based codes Sources: http://www.transect.org; http://www.smartcodecentral.com/. Image: http://www.transect.org/rural_img.html  Regulates physical form of the built and natural environment  Building and street types, civic space, open space  Provides for a variety and mix of land uses  Housing, retail, commercial  Regulates the intensity of mixed-uses and interconnections  Density, design, lot sizes, transportation network

55. Agricultural Urbanism Adapted from: http://www.newurbannews.com/13.4/jun08newest_files/FoodTransect-leveled.jpg Contiguous & Disjointed Urban Farms RURAL AGPERIURBAN AGURBAN AG Forgeable Land Large Farms Specialty Farms Community, Institutional, and Private Produce Gardens Edible Landscaping Roof Gardens / Balcony Boxes / Window Boxes FOOD PROCESSING, RETAIL & DISPOSAL Supermarkets / Grocery Stores / Farmers’ Markets or Stands / Community Supported Agriculture Mobile Vending / Community Kitchens Restaurants / Neighborhood Corner Stores or Markets Food Composting / Food Processing Facilities

56. Image Source: http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/southeast/documents/pdf/designingUA.pdf

57. Image Source: http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/southeast/documents/index.htm#gbs

58. Image Source: http://www.agriculturalurbanism.org/

59. Source: Community Food Security Coalition PARTNERSHIPS | Food Policy Council  Coalition of food system stakeholders  Public, private, governmental, non-governmental  Duties  Convene, research, assess, advise  Examples  Portland/Multnomah Food Policy Council  Toronto Food Policy Council  Chicago Food Policy Advisory Council  Vancouver Food Policy Council

60. Source: http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=42290 Portland/Multnomah County FPC  Composition  Authorized by local government  Citizen-based advisory council  Mission  To bring together a diverse array of stakeholders to integrate the aspects of the food system (production, distribution, access, consumption, processing and recycling) in order to enhance the environmental, economic, social and nutritional health of the City of Portland and Multnomah County.  Some Accomplishments  Land inventory for urban agriculture  County corrections department food purchasing policy

61. Source: APA PAS Report 554; http://www.toronto.ca/health/tfpc_index.htm Toronto FPC  Composition  Subcommittee of the Toronto Board of Health  Mission  To partner with business and community groups to develop policies and programs promoting food security. Our aim is a food system that fosters equitable food access, nutrition, community development and environmental health.  Some Accomplishments  City of Toronto’s Official Plan  Food Charter  Hospital Food Purchasing Policies

62. Implications for Public Health & Nutrition Professionals  Does your community have a comprehensive plan? Other plans?  When is your community scheduled to update its comprehensive plan?  What is the public participation process?  What mechanisms and strategies will be used to implement the plan?  How are grocery stores, corner stores, fast-food restaurants, farmers markets, community gardens, and urban agriculture referenced in your community’s zoning code? design regulations?  What is the process for amending your community’s zoning code?  How can you partner with your community’s planning dept?  Does your community have a food policy council or coalition?

63. Resources  American Planning Association – Planning & Community Health Research Center, http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health/http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health/  A Planners Guide to Community and Regional Planning: Transforming Food Environments, Facilitating Healthy Eating, http://www.planning.org/apastore/search/Default.aspx?p=3886 http://www.planning.org/apastore/search/Default.aspx?p=3886  Create and Implement Healthy General Plans, http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_healthygp.html http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_healthygp.html  General Plans and Zoning, http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_gpz.html http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_gpz.html  Healthy Planning Policies: A Compendium from California General Plans, http://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/products/healthy- planning-policieshttp://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/products/healthy- planning-policies

64. Kimberley Hodgson, MURP, MS, RD Manager, Planning & Community Health Research Center American Planning Association khodgson@planning.org