1. Harvard Referencing

2. Objectives Reference the work of others within your assignment
Create a bibliography
Referencing and bibliography can go towards 10% of your final mark!

3. What is Harvard Referencing?
The Harvard referencing system is a way of allowing your reader to see what sources of information you have used to put together your piece of work.

4. Why Reference? Demonstrate wider reading
Give work some authority/ credibility.
Show which resources were used – then you can go back to them if you need to
Avoid plagiarism!

5. Be aware! Referencing your assignment is YOUR responsibility.
Style and layout may vary.
Ask your tutor if they have any specific requirements.

6. Referencing in your assignment
References must be made within the body of your work (these are brief).
Not just when you take a direct quotation, but when you take inspiration from someone else’s idea or paraphrase.

7. Referencing within the text
Direct references:
Jones (2006, p.245) stated that “Many of the facts in this case are incorrect”
or – “Many of the facts in this case are incorrect.” (Jones, 2006, p.245)
Indirect references/supporting statements:
It is important to consider the accuracy of all facts in each case as outlined by Jones (2006).

8. Referencing within the text
Use quotes to back up your arguments
Avoid using overlong quotes – max 40 words
If a quote is longer than 1 or 2 lines, indent it and leave a space above and below
No more than 10% of your total word count should be other peoples words.
Check with your tutor whether quotations are included in your word count.

9. Bibliography
References must be accounted for in detail at the end of your work on a separate sheet - The Bibliography.
An alphabetical list by author.

10. Main information you need to reference a book:
(Most of this information is on the back of the title
page at the front of the book.)
Name of author(s) or editor(s) – Surname and first initial e.g.: Smith, J.
The year the book was published (next to a copyright symbol and the author’s name)
The full title of the book.
If it is an edition e.g. 2nd ed
The city the book was published in
The name of the publishing company.

11. Books (Bibliography)
Author. (Yr of Publication) Title in italics. edition. Place of publication: Publisher
e.g.
Curzon, L. (2003) Teaching in Further Education: an outline of principles and practice. 6th ed. London: Continuum

12. In an edited book
Rogers, A. (2002) Learning and adult education In Harrison, R, Reeve, F, Hanson, A and Clarke, J. (eds) Supporting lifelong learning: Perspectives on learning. London: Routledge Falmer

13. To reference a journal article
The author’s name(s)
The year in which the journal was published
The title of the article
The title of the journal
The volume and issue number
If there is no vol/ issue no. use the date of publication.
The page number(s) of the article

14. Journals
Author. (Yr of publication) Title of article, Title of Journal in italics; Volume and issue number or date. page numbers
Schuller, T. (2008) Framework for the future, Adults Learning; 19 (10). p.14-15

15. Referencing Websites Make a note of: Author of webpage - e.g. BBC
If there is no author, use the title of the source (i.e. DfES)
The year the website was published or last updated
The title of the webpage
The electronic address e.g.
The date you accessed the source

16. Web site
Author. (Yr of publication) Title in italics. Available from: web site. Date accessed
Department of Health. (2008) A practical guide for disabled people or carers. Available from:
Accessed 26th June 2008

17. Referencing a Website within the text
To cite a Web site within the text of an assignment, use the name of the person or organisation responsible for the site (author) and the date of the site's creation or most recent update.
Example: The Bodyshop (2008)states..
Example: (BBC, 2008)

18. Referencing Electronic Journal articles
Author’s surname, first name or initials. (date) Title of article. Title of journal, Volume (issue), page number(s). Location accessed, date accessed.
Hadfield-Law, L. (2008) Body piercing: issues for A&E nurses. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 9(1),pp Accessed via ScienceDirect at
on 15 May 2010.

19. Referencing Electronic Books
E-Books should be cited as printed books but should also include where the e-book was accessed and the date accessed:
E.g. Dean, Joan. (2002) Managing special needs in primary school. London: Routledge. Accessed via netLibrary at
on 20 July 2009

20. Citing author from within another text
Most of the teaching occurred within the lower levels of the ‘Cognitive domain’ according to Bloom’s (1960) theory of learning (Reece and Walker, 2003).

21. Other sources
Newspaper articles, electronic newspaper articles, Government publications and reports, Conference papers, interviews, TV and Radio programmes, s, interviews and more…
Ask for details

22. Bibliography
Bournemouth (2006) Citing references. Available from: Accessed 14/10/08
Cottrell, Stella (2003),The Study Skills Handbook, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Exeter University (2007) Referencing – The Harvard System. Available from: Accessed 14/10/08
See Mycourse: General courses: Library Learning Centres
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