1. Sport Books Publisher1 Substance Use and Abuse Chapter 13

2. Sport Books Publisher2 Outline Drugs versus dietary supplements Drugs and exercise –Everyday drugs –Illegal drugs Ergogenic aids and exercise –Allowed ergogenic aids –Banned ergogenic aids

3. Sport Books Publisher3 Drugs Versus Dietary Supplements

4. Sport Books Publisher4 Drugs Defined: 1.Substances used as medications or in the preparation of medication. {Food and Drug Act} 2.Substances that cause addiction, habituation, or a marked change in consciousness Addiction: compulsive physiological need Habituation: tolerance to the drug effects

5. Sport Books Publisher5 Dietary Supplements Ingredients found in food Processed to provide one or more micro and macronutrients

6. Sport Books Publisher6 Drugs and Exercise

7. Sport Books Publisher7 Every Day Drugs

8. Sport Books Publisher8 CAFFEINECAFFEINE NICOTINENICOTINE ALCOHOLALCOHOL Addiction Habituation Changes in consciousness

9. Sport Books Publisher9 Caffeine Found in: –Coffee beans –Tea leaves –Cocoa beans –Cola nuts –Energy drinks 400 to 450 mg (~2 cups of brewed coffee) not associated with adverse effects 12mg IOC limit (~4-7 cups of brewed coffee)

10. Sport Books Publisher10 Caffeine CNS stimulant Increases alertness Non-user side effects Insomnia Headaches Irritability Nervousness Elevated HR High BP Increases fat burning

11. Sport Books Publisher11 Alcohol Depressant No ergogenic effect 12 ounces=5 ounces=1 ounce

12. Sport Books Publisher12 Alcohol Psychological Effects Reduced tension Reduced anxiety Enhanced self-confidence Promotion of aggression Reduced tension Reduced anxiety Enhanced self-confidence Promotion of aggression Negative Side Effects Motor coordination Hand and eye coordination Reaction time Information processing Decision making Motor coordination Hand and eye coordination Reaction time Information processing Decision making Anti-tremor Effects

13. Sport Books Publisher13 Nicotine Stimulant No ergogenic effects Harmful and dangerous to almost ALL levels of body functioning

14. Sport Books Publisher14 Nicotine Decreases oxygen carrying capacity Restricts oxygen supply Increases oxygen demand Increases HR & BP Alters blood and airflow Decreases temperature

15. Sport Books Publisher15 Nicotine: IRRITANT AND CARCINOGENIC HEALTHY LUNG SMOKER’S LUNG

16. Sport Books Publisher16 Illegal Drugs

17. Sport Books Publisher17 ILLEGAL DRUGS ILLEGAL DRUGS Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Anabolic Steroids Anabolic Steroids Opiates Cannabis + _ Cocaine, crack, ecstasy, etc. Barbiturates, anavar, dianabol, etc. LSD, PCP, mushrooms etc. Heroin, morphine, codeine etc.

18. Sport Books Publisher18 Cannabis Types: –Marijuana –Hashish –Hash oil –Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

19. Sport Books Publisher19 Cannabis Psychological Effects Psychological Effects Feelings of calm and relaxation Talkativeness Cognitive Effects Cognitive Effects Impairs Concentration Impairs short-term Memory More vibrant sensory perception Alters sense of time and space Physical Effects Physical Effects Impairs coordination and balance Increases appetite Rapid HR Red eyes Dry mouth and throat

20. Sport Books Publisher20 Ergogenic Aids and Exercise

21. Sport Books Publisher21 Ergogenic Aids Substances that enhance work output, particularly as it relates to athletic performance Include drugs and dietary supplements

22. Sport Books Publisher22 Basic Ergogenic Mechanisms CNS stimulation Increase substrate storage Supplemental energy source Facilitation of recovery

23. Sport Books Publisher23 Allowed Ergogenic Aids

24. Sport Books Publisher24 Vitamins and Minerals Reasons for supplementation: –Athletes’ beliefs: 1.Ensures adequate micronutrient intake 2.“supercharging” elevates performance and training –Scientific evidence: 1.Ensures adequate micronutrient intake ONLY for those athletes who are deficient 2.Not necessary for those who maintain well-balanced diet 3.“supercharging” maybe harmful to health

25. Sport Books Publisher25 Carbohydrate Loading “Super”- loading of muscle glycogen stores GLYCOGEN STORES ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

26. Sport Books Publisher26 Carbohydrate Loading: How It’s Done Depleting glycogen stores (0-2days) –Training = heavy –Diet = mixed Starving glycogen stores (2-5days) –Training = reduced –Diet = fat and protein Super-loading glycogen stores(5-8days) –Training = light/taper –Diet = high carbohydrate content Race/performance (day 8) –Super-increased glycogen stores

27. Sport Books Publisher27 Carbohydrate Loading: Side Effects Gastrointestinal discomfort Sluggishness Increased body weight Experiment first before using for performance enhancement !

28. Sport Books Publisher28 Creatine Natural compound created from three amino acids Sources: –Exogenous: meets, poultry, fish –Endogenous: liver and kidneys Used by muscles during explosive, powerful movements Supplemental form: creatine monohydrate (powder, tablet, capsule and liquid) Not banned by any sports governing body

29. Sport Books Publisher29 Creatine: Ergogenic Actions Increases lean body mass (2wks) Improves high- intensity performance Speeds up recovery rates Better performance in strength and power activities Greater overload Increased muscular endurance Better performance in strength and power activities Greater overload Increased muscular endurance

30. Sport Books Publisher30 Creatine: Side Effects Dehydration Diarrhea Stomach cramps Muscle and ligament tears

31. Sport Books Publisher31 Banned Ergogenic Aids

32. Sport Books Publisher32 Steroids Anabolic steroids: duplicate function of testosterone Injected or orally Taken in cycles vs. continually Stacking: –Combining multiple types –Maximizes effectiveness –Minimizes negative effects

33. Sport Books Publisher33 Steroids: Ergogenic Actions Increase lean body mass Increase strength Increase the ability to train longer and harder

34. Sport Books Publisher34 Steroids: Negative Effects FEMALES Growth of facial hair Deepened voice Menstrual cycle disturbances MALES Baldness Development of breasts Shrinking of testicles Reduced sperm counts Infertility BOTH Paranoid jealousy Extreme irritability Delusions Feelings of invincibility Liver tumors Jaundice Fluid retention High blood pressure

35. Sport Books Publisher35 Ephedra Extract of the Chinese plant Ma Huang Found in weight-loss, energy-boosting, and bodybuilding products Banned by most sports bodies

36. Sport Books Publisher36 Ephedra: Ergogenic Actions + +

37. Sport Books Publisher37 Ephedra: Negative Effects Elevated BP Cardiac arrhythmias Heart palpitations Heart attacks Psychosis Seizures DEATH

38. Sport Books Publisher38 Blood Doping  RBC  oxygen delivery  Performance

39. Sport Books Publisher39 Blood Doping: How is it done? Removing and storing body’s RBC Re-establishment of normal RBC count Administering EPO Stimulation of bone marrow OR

40. Sport Books Publisher40 Blood Doping: Negative Effects Increase blood viscosity Increases loads on heart Heart damage Death

41. Sport Books Publisher41 Blood Doping: Issue Provides truly unfair performance advantage Has serious health risks Almost impossible to detect

42. Sport Books Publisher42 Other drugs and dietary supplements used by athletes Table 13.2 in the text