1. WHAT IS BIOENGINEERING?

2. Bioengineering is Diverse! Each bioengineer only knows a tiny fraction of the entire field

3. What is Bioengineering? Any Area of Biology Mixed with Any Area of Engineering In Any Proportion

4. Biologists Want to understand organisms and living systems Want to understand organisms and living systems Discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work Discover underlying mechanisms that govern how organisms work The knowledge is then used to develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes. The knowledge is then used to develop or improve medical, industrial or agricultural processes. Comfortable with uncertainty Comfortable with uncertainty

5. Engineers See a problem and want to come up with a practical solution See a problem and want to come up with a practical solution Apply mathematics and scientific knowledge Apply mathematics and scientific knowledge Want precision and reproducibility Want precision and reproducibility Consider technical and economic constraints Consider technical and economic constraints

6. l Bioengineering applies engineering methods and techniques to problems in biology and medicine. Biology Engineering Medicine Tissue Engineering Neural Implants DNA Expression Arrays Pumps Pacemakers Prosthetics

7. Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Artificial limbs Artificial limbs Replacement joints Replacement joints Cochlear implants Cochlear implants Pacemakers for heartbeat regulation Pacemakers for heartbeat regulation

8. Cochlear Prostheses http://www.cochlearimplant.com/

9. All imaging and diagnostic techniques Help with medical diagnosis Help with medical diagnosis Assist in research for better cures Assist in research for better cures EKG machines EKG machines MRI MRI Ultrasound imaging Ultrasound imaging

10. MRI and Functional MRI UIUC MRI researchers Profs. Sutton (BioE), Liang (ECE)

11. Ultrasound Imaging and Bioeffects High resolution ultrasonic imaging of liver with a microprobe http://www.gemedicalsystems.com/rad/us/4d/thennow.html UIUC Ultrasonics Led by Profs. Insana, O’Brien, Oelze, & Frizzell GE Medical Systems http://www.brl.uiuc.edu

12. What kind of scientists are involved with Magnetic Resonance Imaging? Electrical Engineers: electromagnetics Electrical Engineers: electromagnetics Computer Engineers/Scientists: computation Computer Engineers/Scientists: computation Physiologists: biological function Physiologists: biological function Chemists: new imaging agents Chemists: new imaging agents Psychologists: mental function Psychologists: mental function Physicians: medical implications Physicians: medical implications

13. Cell and Tissue Engineering Cell and Tissue Engineering allows us to repair or replace the function of natural tissue with bioengineered substitutes. Cell and Tissue Engineering allows us to repair or replace the function of natural tissue with bioengineered substitutes. Principles of engineering, chemistry, and biology are combined to create tissue substitutes from living cells and synthetic materials. Principles of engineering, chemistry, and biology are combined to create tissue substitutes from living cells and synthetic materials. Tissue Engineered Skin New Companies: Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc. Organogenesis

14. The Potential Promise of Tissue Engineering To repair or replace damaged organs To repair or replace damaged organs Origins in the late 1980s Origins in the late 1980s Rapid advances in stem cell biology Rapid advances in stem cell biology The tissue engineer needs to The tissue engineer needs to manipulate, manipulate, produce, and produce, and deliver deliver collections of cells as building blocks of tissues

15. A Wide Spectrum of Knowledge is Required for Tissue Engineering Basic biological sciences Basic biological sciences Cell biology and histology Cell biology and histology Physiology Physiology Embryology Embryology Wound healing Wound healing Clinical aspects Clinical aspects Surgery and transplantation Surgery and transplantation Immunology Immunology Pathology Pathology radiology radiology Biotechnologies Biotechnologies Cell culture Cell separation Gene transfer Engineering fundamentals Engineering fundamentals Fluid dynamics Transport phenomena Materials science Mechanics Chemical kinetics

16. Participants in Tissue Engineering Bioengineers Bioengineers Materials scientists Materials scientists Cell and molecular biologists Cell and molecular biologists Immunologists Immunologists Policy makers and ethicists Policy makers and ethicists Chemical engineers Chemical engineers Surgeons Surgeons

17. Neural Engineering Neural Engineers use modeling and analysis to understand and control the nervous system. Neural Engineers use modeling and analysis to understand and control the nervous system. Advances in neuroscience and microfabrication have opened the doors to exciting applications in neuroprosthetics, biosensors and hybrid biocomputers. Advances in neuroscience and microfabrication have opened the doors to exciting applications in neuroprosthetics, biosensors and hybrid biocomputers. Fluorescent Stained Myocyte Microfabrication Surface

18. Designing Networks of Neurons in a Petri Dish Real Networks of Nerve Cells in Culture on Patterned Substrates Input Output Ideal Neuronal Networks Prof. Wheeler, UIUC; Prof. Brewer, SIU Med School, Springfield

19. Biomimetics Mimicking biological systems to create new technologies Mimicking biological systems to create new technologies

20. Modeling Channels Through Cell Membranes and Protein / Surface Interactions Understanding Molecular Structure by Applying Engineering Principles Computer Image of a DNA Binding Protein Biomolecular Modeling

21. Bioinformatics and Genomics Bioinformatics = computer science + biomedicine Bioinformatics = computer science + biomedicine Discover genetic basis for disease (cancer, diabetes) Discover genetic basis for disease (cancer, diabetes) Develop new diagnostic devices (cDNA chip) Develop new diagnostic devices (cDNA chip) cDNA Array

22. Genetic Engineering Animals Animals To produce a high-value therapeutic protein To produce a high-value therapeutic protein Pharm animals Pharm animals Plants-GMOs Plants-GMOs Improve plant yields Improve plant yields Grow plants with higher nutrient value Grow plants with higher nutrient value Plants with vaccines incorporated Plants with vaccines incorporated Pharmaceutical products Pharmaceutical products Manipulate cells genetically Manipulate cells genetically Produce large quantities of vaccine, insulin, other useful proteins for medicine Produce large quantities of vaccine, insulin, other useful proteins for medicine

23. Bioengineers make use of all of these fields Biology Biology Medicine Medicine Materials Science Materials Science Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Computer Science Computer Science Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Physics Physics Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Nuclear Engineering Nuclear Engineering Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering

24. How is Biotechnology different from Bioengineering? Biotechnology: the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes Biotechnology: the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes Biotechnology is involved in research such as the study of stem cell genetics, biological factors, receptors on the stem cells and stem cell physiology etc. Biotechnology is involved in research such as the study of stem cell genetics, biological factors, receptors on the stem cells and stem cell physiology etc.

25. History of Biotechnology

26. Biotechnology in B.C. 500 BC: The Chinese use moldy curds as an antibiotic to treat boils 500 BC: The Chinese use moldy curds as an antibiotic to treat boils 250 BC: The Greeks practice crop rotation to increase soil fertility 250 BC: The Greeks practice crop rotation to increase soil fertility 100 BC: Chinese use powdered chrysanthemum as an insecticide 100 BC: Chinese use powdered chrysanthemum as an insecticide

27. Pre-20 th Century Biotechnology 1590: Janssen invents the microscope 1590: Janssen invents the microscope 1663: Hooke discovers cells 1663: Hooke discovers cells 1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and protozoa 1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and protozoa 1797: Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox 1797: Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox 1802: 1 st time the term “biology” is used 1802: 1 st time the term “biology” is used

28. Pre-20 th Century Biotechnology 1830: Proteins, the building blocks of cells, are discovered 1830: Proteins, the building blocks of cells, are discovered 1833: The nucleus of the cell is discovered 1833: The nucleus of the cell is discovered 1855: The E. coli bacterium is discovered 1855: The E. coli bacterium is discovered 1855: Pasteur works with yeast, eventually proving they are living organisms 1855: Pasteur works with yeast, eventually proving they are living organisms 1863: Mendel discovers genes while working with peas. He lays the groundwork for genetics. 1863: Mendel discovers genes while working with peas. He lays the groundwork for genetics.

29. Pre-20 th Century Biotechnology 1879: Flemming discovers chromatins 1879: Flemming discovers chromatins 1883: The rabies vaccine is developed 1883: The rabies vaccine is developed 1888: Waldyer discovers the chromosome 1888: Waldyer discovers the chromosome

30. Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20 th Century 1902: The term "immunology" first used 1902: The term "immunology" first used 1906: The term "genetics" is used 1906: The term "genetics" is used 1915: Bacterial viruses, called phages, are discovered 1915: Bacterial viruses, called phages, are discovered 1919: The word "biotechnology" is first used 1919: The word "biotechnology" is first used 1927: Muller discovers that X-rays cause mutation 1927: Muller discovers that X-rays cause mutation 1928: Fleming discovers penicillin 1928: Fleming discovers penicillin 1938: The term "molecular biology" is used 1938: The term "molecular biology" is used 1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first used 1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first used

31. Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20 th Century 1942: The electron microscope is used and characterizes viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriaphages 1942: The electron microscope is used and characterizes viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriaphages 1944: DNA is shown to be the building block of the gene 1944: DNA is shown to be the building block of the gene 1949: Pauling proves that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" caused by a mutation 1949: Pauling proves that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" caused by a mutation

32. Biotechnology in the 1950s and 1960s 1953: Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNA 1953: Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNA 1954: Cell-culturing techniques are first used 1954: Cell-culturing techniques are first used 1955: An enzyme involved in the production of a nucleic acid is isolated 1955: An enzyme involved in the production of a nucleic acid is isolated 1956: The fermentation process is perfected 1956: The fermentation process is perfected 1960: Messenger RNA is discovered 1960: Messenger RNA is discovered 1961: The genetic code is understood 1961: The genetic code is understood

33. Biotechnology in the 1970s 1972: The DNA composition of humans is shown to be 99% similar to that of chimps and gorillas 1972: The DNA composition of humans is shown to be 99% similar to that of chimps and gorillas 1977: Genetically-engineered bacteria are used to make human growth protein 1977: Genetically-engineered bacteria are used to make human growth protein 1978: North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule 1978: North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule 1979: The first monoclonal antibodies are synthesized 1979: The first monoclonal antibodies are synthesized

34. Biotechnology in the 1980s 1980: The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically-engineered life forms 1980: The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically-engineered life forms 1980: The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Boyer and Cohen. 1980: The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Boyer and Cohen. 1981: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created—the 1 st state-sponsored research center for biotechnology 1981: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created—the 1 st state-sponsored research center for biotechnology 1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is reported 1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is reported 1981: 1 st mice to be successfully cloned 1981: 1 st mice to be successfully cloned 1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by genetically-engineered bacteria (first biotech drug approved by the FDA) 1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by genetically-engineered bacteria (first biotech drug approved by the FDA)

35. Biotechnology in the 1980s 1983: The first artificial chromosome is made 1983: The first artificial chromosome is made 1983: The first genetic markers for specific inherited diseases are found 1983: The first genetic markers for specific inherited diseases are found 1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed. 1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed. 1984: The first genetically-engineered vaccine is developed. 1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer are synthesized 1984: The first genetically-engineered vaccine is developed. 1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer are synthesized 1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project 1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project 1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill 1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill

36. Biotechnology in the 1990s 1990: The first federally-approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully 1990: The first federally-approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully 1992: The structure of HIV RT is elucidated 1992: The structure of HIV RT is elucidated 1993:The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous" 1993:The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous" 1994: The first breast cancer gene is discovered 1994: The first breast cancer gene is discovered 1996: Scientists clone identical lambs from early embryonic sheep 1996: Scientists clone identical lambs from early embryonic sheep

37. Biotechnology in the 1990s 1998: Scientists clone three generations of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells 1998: Scientists clone three generations of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells 1998: Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate tissue and create disorders that mimic diseases 1998: Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate tissue and create disorders that mimic diseases 1998: The Biotechnology Institute is founded by BIO as an independent, national, 501(c)(3) education organization 1998: The Biotechnology Institute is founded by BIO as an independent, national, 501(c)(3) education organization 1999: The genetic code of the human chromosome is deciphered 1999: The genetic code of the human chromosome is deciphered

38. Biotechnology 2000 and Beyond 2000: A rough draft of the human genome is completed 2000: A rough draft of the human genome is completed 2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers to help produce organs for human transplant 2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers to help produce organs for human transplant 2001: The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature 2001: The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature 2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to feed 60 million people annually 2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to feed 60 million people annually 2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is euthanized 2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is euthanized

39. Resources http://www.biotechinstitute.org http://www.biotechinstitute.org