1. HIST 2111 U. S. History I Discovery and Colonization Chapters 1-3 Mike “Wheels” Breakey

2. Questions Anything from last week to review New students?

3. Words of the day Meso- a prefix meaning middle or intermediate Imperialism The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations. Proprietary Exclusively owned; private Civilization—what is it and what does it allow? Wants versus needs

4. The First Colonization  Beringia  Ice Age (15,000 years ago)  Prehistoric (preliterate) people  Studied by archaeologists and scholars  Studied using artifacts (humans made)  Why not studied by historians?  How was information passed on?

5. Possible migrations from Asia by boat or over the Beringian land bridge.

6. Diversity Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers What the heck is that? Post Ice Age the New World becomes isolated Divided into tribes Easier to support Adapted to climate and land forms What made them spread out? Developed farming and other specialized skills as early as 8000 B. C. Practiced settled agriculture Mesoamerica only place besides Middle East where agriculture was discovered not learned from others

7. Cultural Cul-de-sac?  Conlin posits that many cultures make war for specific gains—like what?  He also posits the Mesoamericans did it for another reason—specifically what?

8. Mesoamerican Civilization  Development of Mesoamerican civilization  Urban life  Division of labor  Hierarchical social system  Writing  Maya  Developed system of writing  Built cities  Were mathematicians and astronomers  Developed accurate calendar  Governed agricultural hinterland to provide food for artisans, priests, and warriors

9. Mesoamerican Civilization (cont…) Mayan Religion Compelled War Cities were independent and warred with each other Used resources for war and to satisfy gods Mayan Culture ended ~900 A. D. W HY ? Erosion of soil and drought Constant fighting/sacrifices People dispersed

10. Map 1-1 p4 Olmecs Till about 200 BC

11. Organized states of Central and South America Early 13th century until the last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.

12. Map 1-2 p5 Aztec ~200 BC till 1500s

13. The Aztecs or Mexica  Immigrated from the north starting in 1200s  By 1400, Aztecs controlled peoples and land from Gulf of Mexico to Pacific  Forced other peoples to pay tribute to Aztecs  Built Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco  Population 60,000 to 250,000  Worshipped pantheon of gods  Huitzilopochtli  Practiced human sacrifice  Feared impending doom by 1502 (comets in the sky)  Moctezuma II becomes emperor, a leader “on edge”

16. p2

17. Portugal (and then Spain) led way  Portugal first to look for new trade route  Henry the Navigator (Portuguese), (b. 1394- d.1460)  Sent 15 maritime expeditions down African west coast  Sponsored research into geography and cartography  Encouraged shipwrights to improve vessels & create caravel  Bartholomeu Diaz (Portuguese) reaches Cape of Good Hope in 1488  Vasco Da Gama (Portuguese) reaches India in 1498  Portuguese establish series of trading forts along route  Pedro Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal, 1500  Why? What compelled them to look for new trade routes?

18. Map 1-3 p9

19. Map 1-4 p11

20. Spain Goes West with Christopher Columbus  Exploration financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain  Portugal refused to sponsor Columbus  Landed in Bahamas on October 12, 1492  Believed he was in East Indies  Goal was find a better route to the Indies via the Atlantic  Made four voyages but never realized he had found a new landmass, not the Indies  Lands (Cuba and Hispaniola) he discovered not considered valuable to Spain until 1521  Text says he was motivated also by religion, glory, and greed  Yes, seeking gold and silver but what else—who sent him?  OK, and Columbus was from where?  So why an Italian sailor working (and claiming) area for Spain?

21. Part of why  Crusades left Europe with taste for Eastern goods  Silks, spices, and other exotic goods and treasures  Muslims controlled overland route on 8000 mile silk road  Difficult and dangerous trade routes  Bribes and taxes made items very costly  Levantines’ share of profit  The Italian middlemen  Venetian navy dominated eastern Mediterranean  Alternate routes sought so as to avoid middlemen  Any theft?

22. p9 The castle of St. George at Elmina in present-day Ghana. The Portuguese founded West Africa’s first European trading colony here in 1482. The castle was necessary to defend against both seagoing European rivals and the locals. At first, gold was the commodity the Portuguese sought. Before long, however, the value of slaves eventually outstripped gold in value.

23. Why else would Spain and Portugal do this?  DIME  All nations act in their own best interest  The wish to make events proceed in the best way for THEM  How do they do this?  Flash forward to a current event—Iran and nuclear enrichment

24. Spain Goes West  Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovered Pacific in 1513  Crossed Isthmus of Panama  Magellan’s expedition circumnavigated world 1519-1522  Found an all-water route to Pacific by rounding South America  Inter Caetera, papal decree, divided world’s lands not in the possession of a Christian ruler between Spanish & Portuguese

25. Cortés in Mexico  Spanish conquistador Cortés invades Mexico from Vera Cruz in 1519  Defeats Tabascans of the coast  Forms alliance with native enemies of Aztecs—WHY?  Totemac, Tlaxcala, Tolucan, Cholulans  Spanish fight with horses, war dogs, and firearms  Aztecs believe Cortés is a god  Cortés demands Aztec gold  Aztecs rebel: Spanish flee with gold  Cortés regroups and defeats Aztecs in 1520  Cortés wins a huge empire

26. Spanish Conquistadores  Hidalgos came as conquerors  Promised land and gold  Conquistadores given great share of gold & silver  Given large land grants & encomiendas or the right to demand work from the natives  Came for national glory  Exhibited bravery, fortitude, ruthlessness and cruelty  Came to spread Catholicism  Believed that a war even nominally for spreading Christianity was holy

27. Exploration South and North Francisco Pizarro conquers Incas high in the Andes Had 168 men and 62 horses Captured and murdered the Incan emperor, Athualpa Hernando De Soto explored what is now southeastern United States, 1539-1542 Coronado explores Southwest 300 conquistadors, a few blacks, and 800 Indians Sought Seven Cites of Cibola, never found it  New World gold and silver makes Spain richest nation in Europe  $4.5 million in precious metals cross Atlantic by 1550  $12 million cross Atlantic by 1600

28. Spanish America  Roman Catholic church exercised great power in Spanish America  Many priests, though not all, attempted to protect Indians from rapacious fellow Spaniards  Ultimately, Spaniards decimated native Indian populations in warfare, savagery, and infectious diseases  1492– Indian population in Santo Domingo was 200,000, in 15,000 it dropped to 14,000  By 1570, only two small villages survived on the island

29. The Columbian Exchange  Spanish brought  Animals: horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, hogs  Foods: citrus, wheat, barley, sugar cane, lettuce  New foods from New World  Maize, beans, squash, potatoes, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, vanilla, and chocolate  These foods transformed Old World, reduced starvation and led to population increases  Infectious diseases  From Europe: smallpox, measles, influenza, black death, tuberculosis, typhoid – natives had no immunities  From America: venereal diseases, syphilis

30. European Expansion Western European society underwent transition from medieval to Renaissance (“rebirth”) culture, 1450-1550 – Birth of “modern” world – Revival of learning and inquiry – Explosive growth of trade, towns, and corporations – Decline of feudalism and rise of nation-states

31. Increasing Competition Protestant Reformation divides Europe in sixteenth century Competition between Catholic and Protestant nations England and France begin to compete with Spain and Portugal for domination of Americas—look at all that wealth!

32. Europe Divided Over Religious Problems  Martin Luther  German catholic monk  Disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased  You could buy indulgences which forgave you for sin  God’s grace is the only oath to salvation  Bible as only source of God’s word  Direct challenge to the Pope  Protestantism spreads  German princes seized church lands  Large parts of Germany, Netherlands and Scandinavia turn to Lutheranism

33. European Claims in New World  John Cabot claims Newfoundland and Nova Scotia for England in 1497  Giovanni Verrazano claims much of North America’s eastern coast for France in 1523  Spain still enjoys New World monopoly in 16th century  1500s were Spanish century  Gold and silver funded armies and navy

34. Henry VIII’s Reformation  Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled  Wanted male heir  In Catholicism there was no such thing as divorce  Anne Boleyn became pregnant—GASP!  Henry establishes Church of England, 1534  Dissolved 400 monasteries and nunneries  Henry as head of Church of England

35. Elizabethan England  In Edward VI reign (1547-1553)  Mary, rules 1553–1558  Married prince Philip of Spain  Returns England to Catholicism  Persecutes Protestants, “Bloody Mary”  Dies childless  Elizabeth I takes throne in 1558  Protestant but shrewd politician  Refused to persecute Catholics  Phillip II of Spain offered marriage but she put him off  English Sea Dogs attack Spanish ships  Francis Drake and the Golden Hind sail around world  He returned with much Spanish loot  In 1580, Elizabeth gave up pretense of friendship with Spain-- Knighted Drake and accepted his loot

36. Sir Walter Raleigh and Roanoke  Humphrey Gilbert  1583 sailed to Newfoundland to try and establish colony  Died in storm in failed colony attempt  Sir Walter Raleigh inherited colony license  Sent expedition whose chose Roanoke Island for the site of the Roanoke colony  Roanoke colony established in 1584  Made enemies amongst Indians and those settlers withdrawn  In 1587, ninety-one men, seventeen woman, and nine children sent to colony  Poorly managed and the Governor, John White, leaves  Returned three years later  Croatoan message  Colony abandoned after three years; Roanoke colonists never found--“Lost colony” of Roanoke

37. Beginnings of an Empire  In 1588, Spanish Armada attacked England  Transported 30,000 troops  England easily victorious  England now has upper hand in colonizing the New World  Richard Hakluyt and Sir Walter Raleigh promoted settlement of New World  Principle Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1598)  Offered hopes of easy riches  Raleigh imprisoned, eventually beheaded following another failed overseas adventure in South America

38. Hard Economic Facts  England covets Spain’s gold  Spain had to use convoys to protect ships from Sea Dogs  Still believed a Northwest Passage existed  Spain’s economy sputters  Failed to invest, economy declines  Gold moved out of Spain to merchants  A nice way of saying frivolously spent!  NOW add a BOOMING population created social problems in England  Enclosure movement forced small farmers off land  Wandering refugees gather in cities  Hakluyt saw colonies as social safety valve

39. Private Enterprise  Private stock-holding companies spread the financial risk among investors  What do investors want?  James I charters companies to “plant” colonies  Plymouth (New England) Company  Virginia Company of London  Jamestown, 1607  Easily defended peninsula on James River  Land was swamp poorly suited to agriculture  Ill informed and prepared for problems of living in wilderness  Ill-prepared for the labor and farming know-how requirements required for settlement  So how was this supposed to make any MONEY?

40. Map 2-1 p31

41. The “Stinking Custom”  Tobacco used by natives  At first not popular in Old World  Viewed as stinking custom and addictive  Became popular in Europe in late 1500s  John Rolfe improves tobacco production  Brings West Indian tobacco seeds  More appealing taste  3 shillings per pound  Tobacco becomes major export in 1600s

42. Who Shall Plant the Fields  Abundant land made it hard to hire labor  Tobacco labor intensive  Profits were high  Any problems here?  Attempts to enslave Native Americans fail  Dutch brought African slaves in 1619  By 1660, 900 black Virginians  Not much increase until 1700  White indentured servitude predominated  “Headright system”

43. The Massacre of 1622  Powhatans, name of Virginia natives given by English, were loosely confederated tribes of natives under a single chief  English settlers have a relatively peaceful relations at first  Number of settlers too small to be threat  Colony grows and prospers—hmmmm?  In 1622 Powhatan under Chief Opechancanough attack; settlers retaliate (O-pech"un-kä'nO)  1644 second attack but beaten back  Powhatan extinct by 1685

44. Maryland: A Second Tobacco Colony  George Calvert  Catholic noble  In 1632, got Charles I to issue charter for colony north of Potomac River  His son Cecilius would found colony  In 1634, Colony of Maryland founded  Prospered as tobacco colony  Hoped to be refuge for Catholics but always outnumbered  Act of Toleration of 1649  Sounds like freedom of religion?  Repealed by Protestants in 1654  Passed again in 1658—this time it lasts 30 years.

45. Other Imperialist Plans  France  Few failed attempts in South Caroline & Florida  Samuel de Champlain  Quebec founded in 1608  New France grew slowly  Traded with natives  Spain in North America  Founded St. Augustine in 1565  Santa Fe established in 1609  New Netherlands and New Sweden  1624, Dutch West India company established settlements between Connecticut and Delaware Rivers  Capital at New Amsterdam on Manhattan  Peter Minuit established small Swedish settlements along Delaware River

46. Discussion Questions  Who is in the lead now?  Why?

47. The New England Colonies  1608 Pilgrims or Separatists moved to Leiden, Holland  William Bradford leader  Pilgrims dislike Dutch values  Were English at heart  Became part of Plymouth Company  Promised freedom from persecution  The Mayflower and the Speedwell  1620 Establish Plymouth Plantation on site of deserted native village  Half died in first winter  Learned native fishing and cultivation methods—Squanto

48. p41

49. Self Government Mayflower Compact (1620) Civil Body Politik First governing political document of Plymouth Colony Most males could vote William Bradford Plymouth colony governor for 30 years Plymouth Colony survived from fishing and fur trade Mostly subsistence farming Settlers bought out Plymouth Company Plymouth Absorbed into Massachusetts in 1691

50. Massachusetts  Started by Puritans in 1630  Well organized and funded  Great Migration—leaving the moral decay behind  Includes cross-section of English society  Equal numbers of men and women  Want to create godly commonwealth = New England  Abhorred Church of England  Massachusetts Bay Company charter gives them right to self-government

51. Puritan beliefs  Calvinists; humans inherently sinful  God’s “Elect” or Saints: chosen for salvation  “Elect” form covenant with God  “Elect” must enforce God’s law in community  Dissatisfied with Church of England  On an errand in the wilderness  Believed England was flaunting God’s laws and would be punished  Puritans to set an example of how to keep God’s covenant  Strong sense of community  Strict code of moral and social behavior—The Scarlett Letter  Intolerant of individualism, disciplined members

52. Blue Laws  Statutes of Massachusetts  Regulated and Prohibited Sunday activities including working, “idle chatter,” and “walking in a garden” (Blue Laws)  Used corporal punishment  Dunking, stocks  Mandatory church attendance  Capital punishment rarely used  Convictions of Blasphemy, witchcraft, treason, rape, murder, etc resulted in sentences short of capital punishment

53. Social Assumptions  Monarchy was sacred and democracy was abhorrent  Strict discipline for children  Social and economic distinctions part of God’s will  Carefully planned communities  Home sites were assigned  Church and school in each community  Most literate society in world  Harvard established 1636

54. Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire  Roger Williams  Came to disagree with Puritan ministers  No one can know if others are “Elect”  Separation of church and state  Remove religious qualifications for voting  This threatened Puritan control of Massachusetts  Questions Puritan legal right to land  Indians owned by right of occupation  Guess What happens next?

55. Rhode Island: “The Sewer of New England”  Puritan authorities banish Roger Williams  Fled, lived with Narragansett Tribe  Founded Providence and Rhode Island and attracted followers  Returned to England in 1644  Won charter for new colony in 1644  Williams founded Rhode Island  Home for religious dissenters  “Sewer of New England” according to Massachusetts Puritans

56. Map 3-1 p47

57. Anne Hutchinson  Criticized for speaking out as a woman  Believed Holy Spirit inspired some to speak out  Believed some people specially blessed and thus above the laws  Gains popularity for her religious views  Guess what happens next?  Convicted for heresy and banished from Massachusetts  Hutchinson sent to Rhode Island in 1638 with some of her followers  What is developing between new colonies?

58. New Hampshire, Maine and Connecticut  New Hampshire and Maine originally given to two men who could sell land for profit but never really grew  New Hampshire made royal colony in 1680  John Wheelwright  Maine District became part of Massachusetts in 1677  John Usher purchased and gave to Massachusetts  Thomas Hooker starts Connecticut  Hartford founded in 1636  Expansion leads to war with Pequot in 1637  Multi-colony army, with natives help, decimated Pequots  New Haven founded during war

59. Corporate, Royal, and Proprietary Colonies  Corporate colony  Charters as constitutions  King sovereign, but self-governing commonwealths  Leaders elected by male members of Congregationalist church  Examples: Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island  Royal  Governed by King through governor  Elected Assemblies  Example : Virginia after 1624  Proprietary  Power placed in hands high placed persons  Lord proprietors appointed governor  Example: New Hampshire and Maryland

60. Maryland – Making Money – The Headright System  The headright system was an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the growing tobacco economy  Large disparity between the amount of land available and the population—although lands available is a misnomer  Low supply of labor, resulting in the growth of indentured servitude and slavery.  Need more people! Colonists who had already been living in Virginia were each given two headrights of 50 acres  Immigrant colonists who paid for their passage were given one headright  Individuals would subsequently receive one headright each time they paid for the passage of another individual.  Does this solve the issue of lack of workers?

61. Indentured Servants  Wealthy would pay for transport a young worker from England or Germany (typically)  What did this do for the person paying the passage?  Work for several years to pay off the debt of their travel costs.  During the indenture period the servants were not paid wages, but were provided with food, accommodation, clothing and training.  The indenture document specified how many years the servant would be required to work, after which they would be free.  Terms of indenture ranged from one to seven years with typical terms of four or five years.  Is there a cheaper way?

62. The Carolina Grant Charles II granted land to 8 gentlemen and nobles Charleston first major settlement Most early settlers from Barbados Brought slavery and sugar Main crop = rice Demand for slaves grew Northern Carolina Small farmers, mostly tobacco Democratic spirit Southern Carolina Dependent on plantation system and African slave labor Aristocratic and urban Did not live on rice plantations because of disease

63. Map 3-2 p50

64. Map 3-3 p52

65. New Jersey and the Quakers  Duke of York gave southern Dutch lands in 1665 to John Berkeley and George Carteret  Society of Friends (Quakers) in New Jersey and Pennsylvania  Believed in pacifism  Challenged civil authority  Guided by “inner light” so no earthly authority  Believed in equality  Allowed women to preach and gave women substantial moral authority and power in the family  Grew rapidly in North America  Did not take civil oaths

66. Pennsylvania: “The Holy Experiment”  William Penn  Colony chartered out of royal debt  Named after his father “Penn’s woods”  Pennsylvania  Paid Indians for land  Haven for Quakers and all Christian worship tolerated  Many German immigrants  Philadelphia: well planned, largest city in America  Delaware  Created out of three lower Pennsylvania counties and became a royal colony in 1701

67. Georgia: A philanthropic experiment  James Oglethorpe, founder of colony of Georgia  Chartered in 1732  Becomes buffer between South Carolina and Florida  Governed by council in England originally  Tried to help debtors get a fresh start  Banned slavery and alcohol  Experiment failed as others rush in  Georgia becomes royal colony in 1752  Oglethorpe returns to England disgusted his prohibitions on slavery and alcohol and philanthropic policies had failed to take hold

68. Next week  Chapters 4-5  From toehold to foothold  Friction between the colonies  So much land, so few workers!  Natives not digging this