1. Megacities (this is only a skeleton outline of the topic). define
Megacities (this is only a skeleton outline of the topic) * define * patterns of change * challenges or problems * solutions – you need substantial examples from particular places such as Mumbai, India; Manila, Philippines...etc. and how Governments, NGO’s, international agencies and communities are dealing with problems of housing, poverty, transport, infrastructure, pollution etc.

2. New Definition
A megacity is generally defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people – this is an updated definition
(textbook definitions use 8 Million and is now incorrect...)

3. NOTE: Due to rapid change in numbers do some research to check how many megacities are currently in the world......and look at how it has changed....
In 2000, there were 18 megacities and by megacities of which ….are located in the developing world.....by 2009 ????
Tokyo, (33,600,000)
Seoul, South Korea (23,400,000)
Mexico City (22,400,000)
New York City, USA (21,961,994)
Mumbai (Bombay), India (21,600,000)
Delhi, India (21,500,000)
São Paulo, Brazil (20,600,000)
Los Angeles, USA (18,000,000)
Shanghai, China (17,500,000)
Osaka (16.7)
Cairo (16.1)
Kolkata (15.7)
Manila (15.6)
Jakarta (15.1)
Karachi (15.1)
Buenos Aires (13.6)
Dhaka (12.6)
Beijing (12.8)
Lahore (12.7)
London (12.5)
Paris (12.0)
Istanbul (11.8)
Rio de Janeiro (11.5)
Tehran (10.2)
Lagos (10.1)
Moscow (10.1)
Bangkok (10.1)

4. Board of Studies requirements…
Outline the nature, character and spatial distribution of mega cities in the DEVELOPING WORLD
Describe the challenges of living in mega cities and evaluate the responses to these challenges
Evaluate the role of community based groups, NGO’s in addressing one challenge of living in mega-cities.

5. …..the term Megacity
Was first used in 1957 by Jean Gottmann in the USA and reflected changes in work and social habits of people after World War II
In 1970’s the United Nations used the term to refer to cities of 8 million
In the 1990’s the UN raised the size of cities to 10 million – in 2000 there were 22 megacities; today there are 27.

6. World Urban Population
In 1800 only 3% of the world's population lived in cities.
By the end of the 20th century 47% lived in cities.
In 1950, there were 83 cities with populations exceeding one million;
By 2007, this had risen to 468 agglomerations of more than one million.[2]
If the trend continues, the world's urban population will double every 38 years, say researchers.
The UN forecasts that today's urban population of 3.2 billion will rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five people will live in cities

7. Population Pyramids Complete the table above
Very Short
Short
Tall
Very Tall
Very Wide
Wide
Narrow
Very Narrow
Concave
Straight
Convex
Very Convex
High
Declining
Low
Long
Very Long
Describe the table above use simple words for e.g.
Height – Short or tall,
Base – wide or very narrow etc.

8. Urbanisation
Urbanisation describes the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas (towns and cities) as opposed to rural areas (villages and country side).
The main causes of Urbanisation
Rural-Urban migration
Population Increase

9. Spatial Pattern In 1950 there was one megacity – New York
1975 there were four megacities – Tokyo, New York, Shanghai, Mexico City and Sao Paulo of which three were in the developing world
In 1995 there were 14
2001 there were 17 megacities with 13 in the developing world
2015 there will be 23 megacities with 18 in the developing world.
The greatest growth is happening in the developed world particularly in Asia and Africa.
Today the five largest cities are Tokyo, Mexico City, São Paulo, New York City, and Mumbai (Bombay), and in 2015 they will probably be Tokyo, Dhaka, Mumbai, São Paulo, and Delhi.

10. ….urban growth and change
Fifty years ago 30% world lived in urban areas
In ten years it will be 60%
China is currently engaged in the greatest migration in the history of the world
Megacities are simultaneous centres of concentration of wealth and opportunity as well as arenas of despair for millions
Ill equipped and often corrupt bureaucreacies have little hope of sorting through the range of challenges urbanisation presents
We have now entered the first urban century and 2.8 billion people are now poorer than 20 years ago…

11. Reasons for growth of Megacities in the developing world….
Economic Growth
Natural Increase – High fertility rates
Rural – urban migration

12. RURAL URBAN MIGRATION DUE TO Push factors – these are:
Increasing landlessness (no land ownership) due to loss of land from drought, crop failure, war, poverty, debt….
War and civil disorder
Intolerance
Desertification
Lack of Medical Facilities
Rapid Population Growth
Rural Poverty
Lack of Educational opportunities
Transfer of land from food production and self sufficiency to export crop production meaning less food for families therefore vulnerable to international commodity price fluctuations
Lack of medical facilities

13. RURAL URBAN MIGRATION Pull factors (attraction of urban areas) due to:
Attracted to employment opportunities
Promise of higher living standards
Entertainment and Cultural events
Educational Opportunities
Medical facilities

14. Why the cities have grown?
An example of rural urban migration –
- In China, 125 million people have moved from areas of low agricultural productivity to coastal cities - that's 25% of the workforce, and you've got another 25% waiting to move

15. ….unfortunately
For many people in the developing world they move from rural poverty to urban poverty…..as urban poverty grows many find themselves trapped unable to achieve the hoped-for wealth and opportunities that attracted them……

16. Changes over time....
The increase will be most dramatic in the poorest and least-urbanised continents, Asia and Africa.
One billion people, one-sixth of the world's population, now live in shanty towns

17. Cities with over 1 Million

18. Some of the problems of megacities include:
Explosive population growth.
Alarming increases in poverty
Massive infrastructure problems with telecommunications services, transportation and congestion. For example, traffic congestion in Bangkok is so bad that the average commute now takes three hours
Pressures on land and housing
Environmental concerns, such as contaminated water, air pollution, and overdrawn aquifers. For instance, Mexico City’s aquifer is being overdrawn and is sinking by about 1 meter per year
Disease, high death rates, drug-resistant strains of infection, and lethal environmental conditions. For example, 12.6 percent of the deaths in Jakarta are related to air pollution causes
Capital scarcity
Dependence on federal or state governments for funding

19. Challenges of living in megacities
Access to employment – formal and informal employment
Provision of Shelter and housing – rise of squatter settlements/slums; upgrading housing; new housing projects
Water and sewage provision and waste disposal
Health and Nutrition issues – overcrowding, unclean water, vermin, dangerous housing and utility connections, parasites all are challenges.
Air Water and Noise Pollution
Congestion and Provision of Transport Infrastructure

20. Urban Problems in LEDCs

21. Responses to these challenges….
Self Help projects…
Community self government…
NGO’s …
Urban protests…
Operation of the informal economy…

23. Urban problems or Challenges – housing and underemployment

24. Growth of Megacities

27. Mexico City, Mexico
Urban agglomeration in 1990 was 20.2 million, and is estimated to reach 25.6 million by the year This growth represents an annual rate of change of 2.4% for the decade.
A defining aspect of Mexico's population is its youth; in 1980, 48.9% of the total population was in the 0-19 age group. Another important figure is the 40% of the total population that live in "informal settlements." Average life expectancy in Mexico City is 66 years for males and 72 years for females.
Pollution may be Mexico City's most serious problem killing 100,000 pa.
one quarter of the more than 10,000 tons of solid waste generated daily is dumped illegally or remains in the streets
infant mortality rate in poor areas is up to three times as high as that in the rest of the city.
Amongst the poorest are the rubbish pickers who sort the reeking garbage in the city’s dumps
More than 60% city’s population live in slums – self help projects aimed at providing lots with water, drainage and electricity on which to build houses or the government building a core structure which is added to by residents.

30. Mumbai
Asia's largest slum, Dharavi, lies on prime property right in the middle of India's financial capital, Mumbai (Bombay).
It is home to more than a million people. Many are second-generation residents, whose parents moved in years ago.
Today's Dharavi bears no resemblance to the fishing village it once was. A city within a city, it is one unending stretch of narrow dirty lanes, open sewers and cramped huts.

31. More than half of the world's population will live in cities by 2008, most of them in developing countries, says a report by the UN Population Fund… while the megacities will continue to grow, the majority of the population growth will be in urban areas of 500,000 people or fewer. Without adequate planning, urban growth will create huge slums, degrade the environment and radicalise the young. There are currently one billion slum dwellers

32. Urban Challenges....pollution