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Organizing Life Why Classify? Early Classification Systems
6 Kingdom Classification System Determining Relationships Dichotomous Keys TEKS/ TAKS 8A collect and classify organisms at several taxonomic levesl such as speies, phylum, and kingdom using dichotomous keys 8B analyze relationships among organisms and develop a model of a heirarchical classification system based on similarities and differences using taxonomic nomenclature 8C identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals
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Can you give any examples of classification used in everyday life?
Library Grocery store Department store Room Binder
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Are items in the grocery store just in a large central pile? Why not?
Grocery store analogy Specific General Are items in the grocery store just in a large central pile? Why not? What are the different sections of the store? Dairy Meats Aisles Produce, etc. What are some types of fruits? Apples Pears Oranges Bananas, etc. The apples further categorized into which varieties? Macintosh Granny Smith Fuji, etc. How is the produce section divided? Fruits Vegetables Braeburn Cameo Gala Granny Smith Golden Delicious
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What is the importance of classifying things?
It makes it easier … To organize To identify To easily communicate with others
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What is Classification?
Classification -catergorizing based on similar characteristics Taxonomy -the science of classifying organisms.
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Aristotle ( 384 - 322 B.C.) Greek philosopher and naturalist
1st to classify organisms Two kingdoms: Plants or Animals He subdivided them by their habitat – land, sea, or air dwellers
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Classification Show the film clip from the United Streaming entitled “Classification of Living Things” (5:29).
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QUIZ What are the 6-kingdoms of classification?
What criteria do scientists use to determine how to classify an organism into its correct kingdom?
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What criteria do scientists use to classify organisms?
Physical characteristics How organisms carry out life functions Behavior Role in nature (niche) Embryology Molecular similarities (DNA)
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Carolus Linneus ( 1707-1798) 18th century taxonomist
classified organisms by their structure developed the naming system called binomial nomenclature, which is still used today Based on the dead language called LATIN called the “father of taxonomy”
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TAXON (pl. taxa) – categories of classification
many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it
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DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
7 Taxa of Classification – categories of classification; many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it Largest category; very general; most diverse; most inclusive Smallest category; most specific; least diverse; most exclusive DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
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Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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How Can You Remember the 7 Taxon levels?
King Philip Came Over for Good Soup Kingwood Park Cheers On Football Game Sportsmanship Katie Please Come Over for Ginger Snaps Can you come up with your own pneumonic? K? P? C? O? f? G? S?
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None of these animals are fish!
1. Why do biologists classify? To study the diversity of life To organize and name organisms 2. Why give scientific names? Common names are misleading Names can be different according to language of that country jellyfish silverfish star fish None of these animals are fish!
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Some organisms have several common names – it can be very confusing!
This cat is commonly known as: Florida panther Mountain lion Puma Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Scientists should make it easier to identify these organisms! There should be a naming system!
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Binomial Nomenclature – Linneaus’ two-word naming system
Genus species OR Genus species - Genus is capitalized - can be underlined or italicized (not both) Panthera leo Lion Drosophila melanogaster Fruit fly Canis lupus Wolf Do you know the scientific name for humans? That’s right! Homo sapiens
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Which animal is missing in the phylum category?
Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos KINGDOM Animalia Which classification level includes all the other levels? Which animal is missing in the phylum category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the phylum Chordata like the rest of those pictured together? Which animal is missing in the class category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the class Mammalia like the rest of those pictured together? Which organism is more closely related to the grizzly bear, the panda or the black bear ? Why? What animal belongs in the species Ursus arctos? Which animal is missing in the order category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the order Carnivora like the rest of those pictured together? Which animal is missing in the family category? What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the family Ursidae like the rest of those pictured together?
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Example – Where does the common household cat fit in?
Can you name any other organisms that would belong In the same phylum? The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the Kingdom Animalia. Phylum level, cats are included with all other vertebrate animals in the subphylum Vertebrata, in the Phylum Chordata. This large grouping includes all animals having either a notochord, or an actual spine.
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Can you name any other organisms that would belong In the same class? Class level, cats and other predatory animals are grouped with non-predators with whom they share specific biological traits. In this case cats, dogs, bears, sheep, horses, cows, giraffes, whales, and many other groups, including people, belong to Class Mammalia (mammals). All mammals have hair, are warm-blooded, and give birth to live young which feed via mammary glands.
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Can you name any other organisms that would belong In the same order? Order level, cats are grouped with other animals that are quite different in physical appearance and general behavior, but with whom they share other basic attributes. In this case, cats, dogs, bears and some other groups are all predators that hunt and prey upon other animals. They are thus grouped together in the Order Carnivora, which includes meat-eating animals.
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Members of the genus Felis are also related, though less closely, to other cat genera such as Panthera, which includes lions, leopards and tigers; and Leopardus, which includes the ocelots. Because the members of all of these genera are cats, they can be grouped together under the family Felidae.
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The housecat is closely related to several other feline species such as the bobcat, Felis rufus, and the cougar, Felis concolor, so they are all placed in the same genus Felis.
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The species name for the domestic cat is Felis catus (sometimes domesticus). Felis denotes the genus name for this species, while catus denotes the unique specific descriptive word for the species.
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Day 2
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Can you identify some of the living things in this picture? How would you classify all these living things? Are there any that cannot be seen with the naked eye?
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3 Domains (Super-kingdoms)
ARCHAE EUKARYA BACTERIA
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6 Kingdoms within 3 Domains
Which kingdom is represented by each of the colors in the cladogram?
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6 Kingdom Classification System
ARCHAE- BACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTS FUNGI PLANT ANIMAL
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Most complex with organs and systems
jellyfish mollusks crustaceans insects fish Animals (Animalia) amphibians flatworms Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Cell structure Cell membrane- NO CELL WALL Nutrition Heterotroph Movement Mostly mobile Reproduction sexual Role Carnivores, herbivores, filter-feeders, omnivores, detritus feeders, scavengers, insectivores reptiles starfish birds hydra mammals sponges Most complex with organs and systems
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Plants (Plantae) Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular
Non vascular Moss growing on trees Seedless vascular Ferns Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Cell structure Cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts Nutrition Autotroph Movement Stationary (sessile) Reproduction Sexually using spores, flowers, or cones Role Producers Sunflowers seeds in flowers Flowering plants Douglas fir seeds in cones Peach tree Seeds in fruits
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Fungi Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular
(except yeast is uni-) Cell structure Cell walls (chitin) Nutrition Heterotroph Movement Stationary Reproduction Sexually using spores Role Mostly DECOMPOSERS that help recycle dead matter in the environment; some parasites (Athlete’s foot or ringworm) Shelf fungus on tree Mildew on Leaf Mushrooms Mushroom
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Protists (Protista) Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells
Paramecium -Nicknamed “ Catch-all” kingdom or “Junk- Drawer” -Some are animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Mostly Unicellular; some multi Cell structure May have cell wall; may have chloroplasts Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs Movement Mostly mobile; (may have cilia or flagella) Reproduction Binary fission; conjugation Role Photosynthetic producers, decomposers, disease-causing parasites Green algae Amoeba
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Animal & Plant like – (Euglena)
Move using flagellum or flagella Have eyespot to detect light Chloroplast to make their own food in the presence of light Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing euglenoid movement.
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Plant-like – Photosynthetic (ex. Green algae, red algae, diatoms)
Producers Classified according to colors due to pigments (red, yellow, green, brown, etc.) Used to make products such as agar, carrageenan (thickener found in puddings) alginates (ice cream) Green algae Algal bloom in lake Brown algae Red algae Red tide in FL
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Fungus-like – decomposers (slime molds, water molds)
composed of an mass of protoplasm no cell walls in its it early stage of growth found in damp, shady areas with abundant organic matter
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Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas)
Move using cilia Oral groove is like a mouth opening Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing paramecium using their cilia for movement.
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Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas)
Move using pseudopods Engulf food through food vacuoles Many cause diseases Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing amoeboid movement (using pseudopods) as well as phagocytosis (engulfing food).
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round - coccus Bacteria All bacteria were once classified in one kingdom known as Monera. Earliest organisms to appear Streptococcus aureus Cell Type Prokaryote Number of Cells Unicellular Cell structure Cell walls Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs Movement Stationary Reproduction Binary fission Role photosynthetic producers, decomposers, disease-causing parasites rod - bacillus E. coli spiral - spirillum Vibrio cholerae
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Kingdoms of Bacteria Archaebacteria (Domain Archae) Cell Type
“ancient” – oldest bacteria on Earth live in harsh environments (extremophiles) Cell Type Prokaryote Number of Cells Unicellular; microscopic Cell structure Cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs Movement Stationary or mobile Reproduction Binary fission Role Salt marshes (halophiles), volcanoes (thermophiles), hot springs, maybe on Mars!
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Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria) “true” bacteria
E. coli Cell Type Prokaryote Number of Cells Unicellular; microscopic Cell structure Cell walls WITH peptidoglycan Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs Movement Stationary or mobile Reproduction Binary fission Role Live in soil, air, food, inside organisms Producers, decomposers, parasites Streptococcus S. Marcescens growing on Petri dish
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Eubacteria Can be harmful: parasites, or cause diseases
Can be helpful (most): Nitrogen-fixing bacteria recycle nutrients photosynthetic Cyanobacteria create O2 for planet different types of E.coli help organisms’ digestion Some are used to make foods like cheese, yogurt, pickles, and bread used to genetically engineer medicines and other products The bacteria named Propionibacter shermani is used to make specific type of cheese called Emmental. The bacteria that causes syphilis is spiral shaped
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Click on the image to access HHMI Classifying Critters
We'll look at members of a big group called the vertebrates. These are animals that have backbones. Do you have a backbone? Great. You're part of this group! Click on the image to access HHMI Classifying Critters
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Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia CELL TYPE Prokaryote Eukaryote CELL STRUCTURES Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts NUMBER OF CELLS Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph EXAMPLES Streptococcus Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
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Where do you fit in? Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo
sapien
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Day 3
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Dichotomous Keys Tool scientists use to identify unknown organisms.
Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". So, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.
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Dichotomous Keys A list of 2 opposing statements that help to identify organisms KEY TO INSECT ORDERS Start at Question 1 and follow the links until you've identified your insect 1 Insect has wings? Go to 2 Insect wingless or with poorly developed wings Go to 29 2 One pair of wings Go to 3 Two pairs of wings Go to 7 3 Body grasshopper-like, with enlarged hind legs and pronotum extending back over abdomen Orthoptera Insects not like this Go to 4 4 Abdomen with 'tails' Go to 5 Abdomen without 'tails' Go to 6 5 Insects <5mm long, with relatively long antennae: wing with only one forked vein Hemiptera Larger insects with short antennae and many wing veins: tails long Ephemeroptera
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The dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z.
Bird X is most likely - Certhidea Geospiza Camarhynchus Platyspiza Answer: C
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Unit Summary Essay Why and how do scientists classify living things?
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Virtual Dichotomous Key
1A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button) 1B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)
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1A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button)-----------Go to 2
1B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)----- Go to 7 2A Button has 2 holes go to 3 2B Button has 4 holes go to 5 3A Button is oval Peter 3B Button is round Go to 4 4A Button has a circle design Suzy 4B Button has no design David 5A Button is square, round corners------Charles 5B Button is round Go to 6 6A Button is large, white Linda 6B Button is small, multicolored Bert 7A Button is square Nancy 7B Button is round Go to 8 8A Button is textured Go to 9 8B Button is smooth Joe 9A Button is metallic Grampa 9B Button is covered with fabric Granny
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