1. Chapter 5 Page 124 How Ecosystems Work

2. All ecosystems do 2 things: 1. Transfer Energy 2. Cycle matter

3. Transfer Energy (Most ecosystems use Sunlight as its source, but some use inorganic molecules) Moves from: Sun – it’s source – into organisms – then into space as heat. Sun – it’s source – into organisms – then into space as heat.

4. Transfer of Matter Recycled Recycled Carbon, oxygen, and other elements Carbon, oxygen, and other elements

5. 5.1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems Each living thing in the environment plays a different role in the flow of energy and matter. Each living thing in the environment plays a different role in the flow of energy and matter.

6. Producers “organisms that make their own food from inorganic molecules and energy” “organisms that make their own food from inorganic molecules and energy” PLANTS! PLANTS! Create sugars thru PHOTOSYNTHESIS Create sugars thru PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon Dioxide + LE + water = glucose + oxygen Carbon Dioxide + LE + water = glucose + oxygen

7. TYPES OF PRODUCERS TERRESTRIAL TERRESTRIAL Plants are the most important producers Plants are the most important producers AQUATIC AQUATIC Small photosynthetic protists and bacteria are the main producers Small photosynthetic protists and bacteria are the main producers Few nonphotosynthetic producers like bacteria that live in harsh envt’s Few nonphotosynthetic producers like bacteria that live in harsh envt’s

8. Strange producers! Some producers don’t even use light! Some producers don’t even use light! They use Chemicals instead They use Chemicals instead Ex – Tube worms Ex – Tube worms in the deep sea They use hydrogen sulfide

9. Ways to gather food… Producers Producers Consumers Consumers Decomposers Decomposers

10. CONSUMERS “organisms that cannot make their own food” “organisms that cannot make their own food” Ex - Animals, fungi, protists, bacteria Ex - Animals, fungi, protists, bacteria Obtain energy by eating other organisms Obtain energy by eating other organisms

11. 4 TYPES OF CONSUMERS page 127 HERBIVORE “eats only producers” Insects, cows, etc CARNIVORE “capture and eat herbivores or other carnivores Secondary consumers, etc. Adapting to hunting, capturing, and eating prey OMNIVORE “eats both producers and consumers” Humans Primary consumer, 2ndary consumer SCAVENGERS “don’t hunt living prey, but feed on dead orgs.” Dead plants, animals,etc Begin the return of nutrients

12. Decomposers “Consume the bodies of dead organisms and other organic wastes” “Consume the bodies of dead organisms and other organic wastes” Ex – bacteria, fungi Ex – bacteria, fungi Recycle nutrients back to the soil Recycle nutrients back to the soil Complete the cycle of matter Complete the cycle of matter

13. Food Chains “A series of different organisms that transfer food between the trophic levels of an ecosystem” “A series of different organisms that transfer food between the trophic levels of an ecosystem”

14. FOOD WEB “Network of food chains representing the feeding relationships among the organisms in an ecosystem” “Network of food chains representing the feeding relationships among the organisms in an ecosystem”

15. FOOD WEB Includes all the food chains in an ecosystem Includes all the food chains in an ecosystem Webs don’t usually show the decomposers at the top of the web. Webs don’t usually show the decomposers at the top of the web. Changes in the population of one organism can affect many other populations. Changes in the population of one organism can affect many other populations.

16. Diversity and Stability Some biologists think that a food web with MORE links can withstand changes/instability better than one with only a few links. Some biologists think that a food web with MORE links can withstand changes/instability better than one with only a few links.

18. TROPHIC LEVELS “layer in the structure of feeding relationships in an ecosystem” “layer in the structure of feeding relationships in an ecosystem”

19. Food Chains ALWAYS begins with PRODUCERS on the bottom (usually plants) ALWAYS begins with PRODUCERS on the bottom (usually plants) Next layer would contain the HERBIVORES Next layer would contain the HERBIVORES Next layer(s) would contain CARNIVORES Next layer(s) would contain CARNIVORES

20. Ecological Pyramid “diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy in different trophic levels in an ecosystem” “diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy in different trophic levels in an ecosystem” Can show energy, biomass, or number of orgs. Can show energy, biomass, or number of orgs.

21. Biomass “TOTAL AMOUNT OF ORGANIC MATTER PRESENT IN A TROPHIC LEVEL” “TOTAL AMOUNT OF ORGANIC MATTER PRESENT IN A TROPHIC LEVEL”

22. BIOMASS Basically, biomass is the potential food for the next trophic level. Basically, biomass is the potential food for the next trophic level. Most energy is lost before it is passed to the next trophic level. Most energy is lost before it is passed to the next trophic level. This loss of energy explains why there is a limit to the number of trophic levels an ecosystem can support. This loss of energy explains why there is a limit to the number of trophic levels an ecosystem can support.

24. Bioaccumulation Is a process resulting in the concentration of substances in living tissues. Is a process resulting in the concentration of substances in living tissues. Used to reference chemical contaminants that may do harm to organims like pesticides or heavy metals. Used to reference chemical contaminants that may do harm to organims like pesticides or heavy metals.

25. Biological Magnification (On page 312) “the increasing concentration of a pollutant in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food web” “the increasing concentration of a pollutant in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food web” Pollutants become concentrated in the bodies of consumers the higher up the chain it goes SINCE THEY EAT MORE! Pollutants become concentrated in the bodies of consumers the higher up the chain it goes SINCE THEY EAT MORE! Therefore intake of a few organism can affect the whole food web. Therefore intake of a few organism can affect the whole food web.

27. 5.2 The Cycling of Materials (page 132) Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus Cycle

28. Carbon Cycle Early earth = 95% CO 2 Early earth = 95% CO 2 Now is only.04% thanks to photosynthesis Now is only.04% thanks to photosynthesis Present in 3 main sources: Present in 3 main sources: (aka CARBON SINKS) 1. living things 1. living things 2. oceans = CO2 dissolves in water easily 2. oceans = CO2 dissolves in water easily 3. rocks = fossil fuels 3. rocks = fossil fuels

29. Short Term VS. Long Term SINKs Short Term - Cycles through a lifetime through the food web Long Term - Millions of years - Ex – fossil fuels

30. Nitrogen Cycle Living things need Nitrogen to make Amino Acids = Proteins Living things need Nitrogen to make Amino Acids = Proteins Can’t use the N gases present, but in a different form. Can’t use the N gases present, but in a different form. Therefore Nitrogen Fixation must occur! Therefore Nitrogen Fixation must occur!

31. Nitrogen Fixation Use the N gases to make ammonia(NH 3 ) which plants can use Use the N gases to make ammonia(NH 3 ) which plants can use Nitrogen- fixing Bacteria Nitrogen- fixing Bacteria Some bacteria live on plant roots. These plants are called LEGUMES. (peanuts, beans) Some bacteria live on plant roots. These plants are called LEGUMES. (peanuts, beans)

32. Phosphorus Cycle (page 135) Is part of our cell composition Is part of our cell composition Plants get phosphorus from soil and water Plants get phosphorus from soil and water Animals get it from eating plants or other animals that ate plants Animals get it from eating plants or other animals that ate plants

33. Too much Phosphorous?! Too much P from fertilizer has caused major algal blooms which dies, then loss of oxygen, and then suffocates the life in the water Too much P from fertilizer has caused major algal blooms which dies, then loss of oxygen, and then suffocates the life in the water

35. Ecological Succession = is a gradual process of change and replacement of some or all of the species in a community.

36. 5.2 How Ecosystems Change (page 137) Ecological Succession PrimarySecondary

37. Primary Succession Occurs on a surface where NO other ecosystem existed before. Occurs on a surface where NO other ecosystem existed before. Uses a pioneer species to break into the new community! Uses a pioneer species to break into the new community! Examples: Volcano eruption Volcano eruption New island New island

38. Pioneer Species: Pioneer Species: First thing in the area to help break down rocks and turn into soil. Ex - Lichens

39. Succession and soil

40. Secondary Succession Occurs on a surface where an ecosystem HAS previously existed. Occurs on a surface where an ecosystem HAS previously existed. More common More common Examples: Fire Fire Tornado/Hurricane Tornado/Hurricane Shopping center Shopping center

41. Grasses Small greenery is the first things in the area after soil has been established. Small greenery is the first things in the area after soil has been established.

42. Small Shrubs Shrubs and bushes begin to grow in the area. Shrubs and bushes begin to grow in the area. They are more complex than small grasses since they have woody stems as well as greenery. They are more complex than small grasses since they have woody stems as well as greenery.

43. Pine Trees are some of the first trees to move into an area because of shallow roots.

44. Hardwood trees will move in next After smaller trees have established themselves, larger more complex trees (hardwoods) will move into the area last. After smaller trees have established themselves, larger more complex trees (hardwoods) will move into the area last.

45. Climax Community The oldest and most complex group of organisms that move into a community after a disturbance. The oldest and most complex group of organisms that move into a community after a disturbance. Most communities never reach their ideal CC because of disturbances – either natural or human made Most communities never reach their ideal CC because of disturbances – either natural or human made

46. Climax community and succession