1. Chapter 27
The Solar System

2. Explain nebular hypothesis. Objective 2
Standards
1a. Students know how the differences and similarities among the sun, the terrestrial planets, and the gas planets may have been established during the formation of the solar system.
1b. Students know the evidence from Earth and moon rocks indicates that the solar system was formed from a nebular cloud of dust and gas approx. 4.6 billion years ago.
1c. Students know the evidence from geological studies of Earth and other planets suggest that the early Earth was very different from Earth today.
Objective 1
Explain nebular hypothesis.
Objective 2
Describe the land, atmosphere, and oceans of early Earth.
Objective 3
Identify the basic characteristics of the inner planets.
Objective 4
Identify the basic characteristics of the outer planets.
Assessment
Ch.27 Test
Review
Daily Bellwork, Science Starters

3. Vocabulary
Create flashcards for the following key terms. They begin on page 685.
Solar System
Planet
Solar Nebula
Terrestrial Planet
Gas Giant
Kuiper Belt

4. INTERACTIVE The Planets Song
Create a Mnemonic to Remember the order of the planets… Example: My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Noodles

5. Solar System Song

6. Brainpop Solar System

7. Formation of the Solar System
Nebular Hypothesis
The sun and the planets formed at the same time from a rotating cloud of dust and gas called a NEBULA.
Gravity pulled the gas and dust closer and closer together creating heat and density.
When the temp. became hot enough (10 million degrees) a star was born—our sun.
99% of all the matter in the nebula is in the sun.

8. Nebular Hypothesis Cont.
While the sun was forming in the center, PLANETESIMALS were forming in the outer regions.
PLANETESIMALS were small bodies or ‘chunks’ of debris that collided with other planetesimals which eventually (through gravity and collisions) formed larger bodies called PROTOPLANETS.
PROTOPLANETS became PLANETS as they got larger.

9. Formation of the Solar System Video Clip

10. Formation of the Inner Planets
How the new planets developed depended on their distance from the Sun.
Those near the sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) contained heavy elements (iron and nickel) and they lost most of their gases (gravity was not strong enough to hold them in).
Denser material sank to center of planets and layers formed.
Inner planets are closest to the sun, dense, and relatively small.

11. Formation of the Outer Planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune were far from the sun and formed in cold areas where they did not lose their gases (helium and hydrogen) or their ices ( water, methane ice, ammonia ice).
Ices would later melt and the outer planets are composed mainly of liquids and gases.

12. Ancient Earth Originally VERY hot
Denser materials (iron) sank to center, formed 3 distinct layers (core, mantle, crust)
Early atmosphere=lots of volcanoes outgassing Nitrogen, water vapor, ammonia, methane, argon, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide
NO OXYGEN in the early atmosphere
Early organisms began to photosynthesize which led to the production of Oxygen…2 billion years ago Oxygen level significantly increased and our atmosphere became like it is today.

13. Earth’s formation Clips

14. Earth’s formation Clips

15. Inner Planets Today
“Terrestrial” planets—made of solid rock with metallic cores
Many impact meteor craters

16. Mercury Closest to the sun Rotates on its axis every 59 days
Heavily cratered
Cliffs
Little atmosphere causes high temps in daylight (472 degrees C) and low temps in night (-173 degrees C)

17. Mercury

18. Venus 2nd planet from the sun Slow rotation…once every 243 days
Earth’s ‘twin’…same size, mass, density
Atmosphere: 90 times the pressure of Earth, 96% carbon dioxide
The CO2 creates a huge Greenhouse Effect, creating temps of 464 degrees Celsius.
Hottest planet in solar system

19. Venus Rocky surface, granite and basalt
Mountains, volcanoes, lava plains, sand dunes

20. Venus

21. Mars 4th planet from the sun
Rotates every 24 hours, 37 min, revolves around sun in 687 days
Axis tilts like Earth, has seasons
Large volcanoes, seismic activity (marsquakes)
Once had lots of water…now only in polar ice caps, possibly underground
Very thin atmosphere…temps range from 20 to minus 130 degrees Celsius

22. Mars

23. Inner Planets Video

24. Outer Planets Today Separated from inner planets by the asteroid belt.
Also known as the Gas Giants
Their large size led to greater gravity which let them keep all their gases (unlike the inner planets) and they have thick atmospheres
Cores are rock and metal
All four gas giants have ring systems

25. Jupiter 5th planet from the sun Largest Planet
At least 60 moons, several thin rings
Atmosphere= 92% hydrogen and helium
Temp. is -160 degrees in the atmosphere
Lightning storms and thunderstorms (larger than on Earth)
Great Red Spot = a giant (2x the size of planet Earth), rotating storm similar to a hurricane
Jupiter’s interior is very hot…30,000 degrees! Mostly a liquid planet

26. Jupiter

27. Saturn 6th planet from the sun Orbits the sun ever 29.5 years
Very cold planet due to its distance from the sun (-176 degrees)
30+moons
Mostly hydrogen and helium with a rocky core
Least dense planet in the solar system
Complex ring system from comets and other space debris

28. Saturn

29. Uranus 7th planet from the sun 3rd largest
At least 24 moons and 11 thin rings
Revolves around the sun in 84 years
Instead of rotating perpendicular to its orbit, it rotates parallel every 17 hours
Atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium and methane. Blue color comes from methane gas
Cold planet…-214 degrees, but could be higher under all the clouds

30. Uranus

31. Neptune 8th planet from the sun, similar to Uranus in size and mass
164 years to revolve around sun, rotates in 16 hours
Atmosphere—Hydrogen, helium, methane
Strongest winds in the solar system (1000 km/h)

32. Neptune

33. The Outer Planets Video

34. Solar System Song

35. INTERACTIVE/Assessment
Compare and Contrast the Inner and Outer Planets…
Inner
Outer

36. INTERACTIVE/Assessment
Using your Venn Diagram as a guide, write an essay comparing Inner and outer planets. --Intro Paragraph --Inner --Outer Minimum of 200 words

37. INTERACTIVE/Assessment
In groups you will create a poster for your planet. You need to include:
Drawing of planet
7 or more facts about your planet
Where in the solar system is it?
How big?
Moons?
Rings?
Atmosphere?
Rotates?
Revolves?
Temperature?
Other