1. DO NOW An officer responds to a disturbance in a parking lot where he finds a young man has suffered a gunshot wound to the lower torso. The weather is cold and raining. The officer checks that the victim is breathing and begins to seal off the crime scene. The officer immediately checks the scene for any signs of evidence. He then calls in for medical assistance and an ambulance. An officer responds to a disturbance in a parking lot where he finds a young man has suffered a gunshot wound to the lower torso. The weather is cold and raining. The officer checks that the victim is breathing and begins to seal off the crime scene. The officer immediately checks the scene for any signs of evidence. He then calls in for medical assistance and an ambulance. Evaluate the actions of the officer. Evaluate the actions of the officer.

2. DO NOW The officer does not follow the proper protocol in this situation. The officer does not follow the proper protocol in this situation. The officer’s actions may have been dictated by the fact that it was raining outside and that any possible evidence may have been washed away or destroyed. The officer’s actions may have been dictated by the fact that it was raining outside and that any possible evidence may have been washed away or destroyed. However, first priority is always the safety and welfare of any victims on scene. However, first priority is always the safety and welfare of any victims on scene.

3. AGENDA Friday Sept 6 Big Question: What is forensic science? Big Question: What is forensic science? 1. DO NOW 1. DO NOW 2. Crime Team Posters 2. Crime Team Posters 3. Chapter 1: Intro and History of Forensics 3. Chapter 1: Intro and History of Forensics 4. Homework and Closing Thoughts 4. Homework and Closing Thoughts –Online Research: Identify the four major federal crime labs and describe what their roles are in the investigation and enforcement of criminal law. –Answer in your notebooks.

4. FORENSICS Chapter 1: Introduction to Forensic Science

5. Introduction Laws are a necessity in our world. Laws are a necessity in our world. As our society evolves, there is an ever- increasing need to regulate the quality of our food, the potency of drugs, the quality of water, the preservation of nature, and the honesty and integrity of mankind. As our society evolves, there is an ever- increasing need to regulate the quality of our food, the potency of drugs, the quality of water, the preservation of nature, and the honesty and integrity of mankind. The same regulations are needed to ensure the safety and security of people against crime. The same regulations are needed to ensure the safety and security of people against crime.

6. What is Forensics? In its broadest definition, Forensic Science is the application of science to criminal and civil law that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. In its broadest definition, Forensic Science is the application of science to criminal and civil law that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. Forensic science owes its origins to individuals who developed the principles and techniques needed to identify and compare physical evidence. Forensic science owes its origins to individuals who developed the principles and techniques needed to identify and compare physical evidence.

7. “Elementary, my dear Watson” –Popular media has marginalized and sensationalized the importance of the scientific process behind forensic science.

8. History Mathieu Orfila – the father of forensic toxicology. Mathieu Orfila – the father of forensic toxicology. Alphonse Bertillion - devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879. Alphonse Bertillion - devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879. Francis Galton – conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification. Francis Galton – conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification. Leone Lattes – developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried blood stains. Leone Lattes – developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried blood stains.

9. Blood Types O+ is most common blood type. O is the universal donor. AB is the universal recipient.

10. History Walter McCrone – utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. Walter McCrone – utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. Hans Gross – wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation. Hans Gross – wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation. Edmond Locard – incorporated Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory. Edmond Locard – incorporated Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory. Locard’s Exchange Principle – states that a cross- transfer of evidence occurs when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person. Locard’s Exchange Principle – states that a cross- transfer of evidence occurs when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person.

11. DO NOW Sept 11 Who utilized microscopy and other analytical methods to examine evidence? Who utilized microscopy and other analytical methods to examine evidence? Give two examples of Locard’s Exchange Principle. Give two examples of Locard’s Exchange Principle.

12. DO NOW ANSWERED Walter McCrone Walter McCrone An individual drinking out of a glass. An individual drinking out of a glass. Two people shaking hands with one another. Two people shaking hands with one another.

13. AGENDA Sept 10 Big Question: How does a system of measurements provide law enforcement with valuable evidence? Big Question: How does a system of measurements provide law enforcement with valuable evidence? 1. DO NOW 1. DO NOW 2. History of Forensics Quiz – Thursday Sept 12 2. History of Forensics Quiz – Thursday Sept 12 3. Finish Crime Team Posters 3. Finish Crime Team Posters 4. Anthropometry Investigation 4. Anthropometry Investigation 5. Closing Thoughts and Homework 5. Closing Thoughts and Homework – STUDY for Quiz – STUDY for Quiz

14. Forensics at Work http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s352774 4.htm http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s352774 4.htm http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s352774 4.htm http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s352774 4.htm

15. The Crime Lab The development of crime labs in the United States has been characterized by rapid growth as well as a lack of national and regional planning and coordination. The development of crime labs in the United States has been characterized by rapid growth as well as a lack of national and regional planning and coordination. Paul Leland Kirk (1902-1970) was head of first criminalistics department at the University of California Berkeley. Paul Leland Kirk (1902-1970) was head of first criminalistics department at the University of California Berkeley. Currently, there are 350 public crime labs operating at various levels of government – federal, state, county, and municipal. Currently, there are 350 public crime labs operating at various levels of government – federal, state, county, and municipal.

16. DO NOW Sept 17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s27fxR k9dpE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s27fxR k9dpE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s27fxR k9dpE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s27fxR k9dpE

17. DO NOW: Unsolved Crimes Sept 17 Based upon what you have seen, what steps may have been taken to further investigate these murders? Based upon what you have seen, what steps may have been taken to further investigate these murders? Do you believe both crimes were committed by the same individual/individuals? Do you believe both crimes were committed by the same individual/individuals?

18. DO NOW: UNSOLVED CRIMES Physical evidence on the victims. Physical evidence on the victims. ID the type of instrument that caused the injuries to the victims. ID the type of instrument that caused the injuries to the victims. Cross reference the DNA found on the cigarettes. Cross reference the DNA found on the cigarettes. Good old fashioned police work – walk the beat and ask questions. Good old fashioned police work – walk the beat and ask questions. Retrace the path of the victims. Retrace the path of the victims. Search surrounding area/waters for a weapon. Search surrounding area/waters for a weapon. Attempt to ID a possible means/route of escape for the attackers (search the local parking lots, etc) Attempt to ID a possible means/route of escape for the attackers (search the local parking lots, etc)

19. AGENDA Sept 17 Big QUESTION: What is the role of a crime lab? Big QUESTION: What is the role of a crime lab? 1. DO NOW 1. DO NOW 2. Forensic Career Projects 2. Forensic Career Projects 3. The Crime Lab 3. The Crime Lab 4. Class work/Homework: DUE Sept 18 4. Class work/Homework: DUE Sept 18 –Pages 24-25 #12-29 and 1-4 5. SEPT 18: Meet in 417 5. SEPT 18: Meet in 417 –Will be going to the library after attendance

20. The Crime Lab Increasing numbers of crime labs partly on the rise due to… Increasing numbers of crime labs partly on the rise due to… –Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s responsible for police placing greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence. –Accelerated levels of drug abuse leaving crime labs inundated with drug specimens. –The advent of DNA profiling.

21. Technical Support Five basic services. Five basic services. Physical Science Unit – use of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and compare physical evidence. Physical Science Unit – use of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and compare physical evidence. Biology Unit – use of biology to investigate blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber samples. Biology Unit – use of biology to investigate blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber samples. Firearms Unit investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition. Firearms Unit investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition.

22. Technical Support Document Unit analyzes handwriting and questioned-document issues. Document Unit analyzes handwriting and questioned-document issues. Photographic Unit applies specialized photographic techniques for examining and recording physical evidence. Photographic Unit applies specialized photographic techniques for examining and recording physical evidence.

23. DO NOW Sept 23 Put your books away. Pen or Pencil Only! Put your books away. Pen or Pencil Only! On the paper I provide to you, On the paper I provide to you, List the five technical support services available and briefly describe what types of evidence they analyze.

24. DO NOW ANSWERED 1. Physical science unit – branches of science to examine physical evidence 1. Physical science unit – branches of science to examine physical evidence 2. Biology Unit – examines blood, hair, body fluids, and fibers 2. Biology Unit – examines blood, hair, body fluids, and fibers 3. Firearms Unit – shells, casings, ammunition 3. Firearms Unit – shells, casings, ammunition 4. Document Unit – Handwriting and document authentication 4. Document Unit – Handwriting and document authentication 5. Photographic Unit –Photography techniques to record and examine physical evidence. 5. Photographic Unit –Photography techniques to record and examine physical evidence.

25. Optional Tech Services Toxicology Unit examines body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons. Toxicology Unit examines body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons. Latent Fingerprint Unit processes and examines evidence for fingerprints. Latent Fingerprint Unit processes and examines evidence for fingerprints. Polygraph Unit conducts polygraph tests. Polygraph Unit conducts polygraph tests. Voiceprint Analysis Unit identifies voice patterns to particular individuals. Voiceprint Analysis Unit identifies voice patterns to particular individuals. Evidence Collection Unit collects and preserves physical evidence from a crime scene. Evidence Collection Unit collects and preserves physical evidence from a crime scene.

26. Skills of a Forensic Scientist Apply principles and techniques of physical and natural sciences. Apply principles and techniques of physical and natural sciences. Analyze various types of evidence. Analyze various types of evidence. Provide expert court testimony. Provide expert court testimony.

27. Skills of a Forensic Scientist Expert witness – determined by the court to possess knowledge relevant to a trial that is not expected of the average person. Expert witness – determined by the court to possess knowledge relevant to a trial that is not expected of the average person. Evaluates evidence based on training and experience that the court lacks the expertise to do. Evaluates evidence based on training and experience that the court lacks the expertise to do. Provides an expert opinion as to the significance of findings. Provides an expert opinion as to the significance of findings. Assist in the training of law enforcement in the proper recognition, collection, and preservation of physical evidence. Assist in the training of law enforcement in the proper recognition, collection, and preservation of physical evidence.

28. Investigation Sept 23 What the following video clip? What the following video clip? Pay close attention to the piece of evidence in question. Pay close attention to the piece of evidence in question. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVrUb kHJuHY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVrUb kHJuHY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVrUb kHJuHY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVrUb kHJuHY

29. DO NOW Sept 25 Presentations DUE Friday Sept 27 Presentations DUE Friday Sept 27 Take out your Admissibility of Evidence Responses. Take out your Admissibility of Evidence Responses.

30. AGENDA Sept 25 BIG Question: How did the Frye and Daubert cases influence the use of evidence in a court of law? BIG Question: How did the Frye and Daubert cases influence the use of evidence in a court of law? 1. DO NOW 1. DO NOW 2. Introduce Frye vs. Daubert 2. Introduce Frye vs. Daubert 3. Presentations 3. Presentations 4. Closing Thoughts and Homework 4. Closing Thoughts and Homework

31. FRYE vs. the United States 1923 Defendant was convicted of Second Degree Murder. Defendant was convicted of Second Degree Murder. An early form of a Polygraph test was used by prosecution as key evidence in the case. An early form of a Polygraph test was used by prosecution as key evidence in the case. Systolic Blood Pressure Deception Test Systolic Blood Pressure Deception Test

32. Defense presents an expert witness to the court to testify against the results of the test. Defense presents an expert witness to the court to testify against the results of the test. Blood Pressure was influenced in the change of emotions in the witness (defendant). Blood Pressure was influenced in the change of emotions in the witness (defendant). Increases in systolic blood pressure were the result of nervous impulses sent to the sympathetic branch of the nervous system. Increases in systolic blood pressure were the result of nervous impulses sent to the sympathetic branch of the nervous system.

33. Scientific experiments, it is claimed, have Scientific experiments, it is claimed, have demonstrated that fear, rage, and pain always produce a rise of systolic blood pressure. demonstrated that fear, rage, and pain always produce a rise of systolic blood pressure. Conscious deception or falsehood, concealment of facts, or guilt of crime, accompanied by fear of detection. Conscious deception or falsehood, concealment of facts, or guilt of crime, accompanied by fear of detection. Indicates the struggle going on in the subject's mind between fear and attempted control of that fear under examination. Indicates the struggle going on in the subject's mind between fear and attempted control of that fear under examination.

34. Truth is spontaneous and comes without conscious effort, while the utterance of a falsehood requires a conscious effort, which is reflected in the blood pressure. Truth is spontaneous and comes without conscious effort, while the utterance of a falsehood requires a conscious effort, which is reflected in the blood pressure. If the subject is telling the truth, the pressure registers highest at the beginning of the examination, and gradually diminishes as the examination proceeds. If the subject is telling the truth, the pressure registers highest at the beginning of the examination, and gradually diminishes as the examination proceeds. The opposite is declared true of those whom are hiding the truth to avoid detection. The opposite is declared true of those whom are hiding the truth to avoid detection.

35. THE RULING Expert testimony deduced from a well- recognized scientific principle or discovery. Expert testimony deduced from a well- recognized scientific principle or discovery. Deduction made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs. Deduction made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs. Systolic blood pressure deception test has not yet gained such standing and scientific recognition among physiological and psychological authorities to warrant its admissibility as to render judgment. Systolic blood pressure deception test has not yet gained such standing and scientific recognition among physiological and psychological authorities to warrant its admissibility as to render judgment.

36. The Frye Standard The Frye v. the United States decision set the guidelines for determining admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom. The Frye v. the United States decision set the guidelines for determining admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom. To meet the Frye Standard, evidence in question must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community. To meet the Frye Standard, evidence in question must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community.

37. Frye Not Absolute 1993 case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc. U.S. Supreme Court asserted that Frye Standard is not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of scientific evidence. Trial judges are ultimately responsible as “gatekeepers” for the admissibility and validity of scientific evidence presented in their courts as well as expert testimony.

38. The Daubert Criteria In Daubert, Supreme Court offered guidelines as to how a judge can gauge scientific evidence. In Daubert, Supreme Court offered guidelines as to how a judge can gauge scientific evidence. 1. Whether the scientific technique or theory can be (and has been) tested. 1. Whether the scientific technique or theory can be (and has been) tested. 2. Whether the technique or theory has been subject to peer review and publication. 2. Whether the technique or theory has been subject to peer review and publication. 3. The technique’s potential rate of error. 3. The technique’s potential rate of error. 4. Existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique’s operation. 4. Existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique’s operation. 5. Widespread acceptance of scientific theory or method within a relevant scientific community. 5. Widespread acceptance of scientific theory or method within a relevant scientific community.

39. AGENDA OCT 1 BIG Questions: What are the responsibilities of forensic scientists? BIG Questions: What are the responsibilities of forensic scientists? 1. Finish PRESENTATIONS 1. Finish PRESENTATIONS 2. Continue Chapter 1 Notes – 2. Continue Chapter 1 Notes – 3. Study for Chapter 1 Test 3. Study for Chapter 1 Test CHAPTER 1 TEST: Monday Oct 7 CHAPTER 1 TEST: Monday Oct 7 4. Closing Thoughts and Review 4. Closing Thoughts and Review

40. Special Forensic Services Forensic Pathology involves the investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths. Forensic Pathology involves the investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths. As medical examiners or coroners, they determine the cause of death. As medical examiners or coroners, they determine the cause of death. Can conduct an autopsy or medical dissection and examination of a body in order to determine the cause of death. Can conduct an autopsy or medical dissection and examination of a body in order to determine the cause of death.

41. Special Forensic Services Several stages of death after expiration. Several stages of death after expiration. RIGOR mortis results in the shortening of muscle tissue and stiffening of body parts in the position at death. RIGOR mortis results in the shortening of muscle tissue and stiffening of body parts in the position at death. Occurs within first 24 hours and disappears within 36 hours. Occurs within first 24 hours and disappears within 36 hours. LIVOR mortis results in the settling of blood in areas of body closest to the ground. Begins immediately on death up to 12 hours after death.

42. Stages of Death

43. Special Forensic Services ALGOR mortis results in loss of body heat. General rule – begins an hour after death. General rule – begins an hour after death. Body loses heat at a rate of 1 to 1.5 degrees F per hour until body reaches environmental temperature. Forensic Anthropology concerned with the identification and examination of human skeletal remains.

44. Special Forensic Services Forensic Entomology is the study of insects and their relation to a criminal investigation often to estimate time of death. Forensic Entomology is the study of insects and their relation to a criminal investigation often to estimate time of death. Forensic Psychiatry involves the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings. Forensic Psychiatry involves the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings. Forensic Odontology involves the use of teeth and bite marks to assist in identifying a victim in an unrecognizable state. Forensic Odontology involves the use of teeth and bite marks to assist in identifying a victim in an unrecognizable state.

45. Special Forensic Services Forensic Engineering involves failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and the causes and origins of fires and explosions. Forensic Engineering involves failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and the causes and origins of fires and explosions. Forensic Computer Science involves the examination of digital evidence. Forensic Computer Science involves the examination of digital evidence.

46. Question of the Day In the Daubert Ruling, the Supreme Court guidelines stated that scientific technique or theory must NOT In the Daubert Ruling, the Supreme Court guidelines stated that scientific technique or theory must NOT A. be able to be tested A. be able to be tested B. Be based on a high rate of error B. Be based on a high rate of error C. Have widespread acceptance within the scientific community C. Have widespread acceptance within the scientific community D. be subject to peer review D. be subject to peer review

47. DO NOW Oct 3 Identify which Crime Lab service would be responsible for the examination and analysis of the following evidence. Identify which Crime Lab service would be responsible for the examination and analysis of the following evidence. 1. Blood sample 1. Blood sample 2. Taped recording of a suspect’s confession 2. Taped recording of a suspect’s confession 3. A discharged bullet 3. A discharged bullet 4. Tissue sample containing an unknown drug 4. Tissue sample containing an unknown drug 5. Forged bank documents 5. Forged bank documents

48. DO NOW ANSWERED 1. Biology Unit 1. Biology Unit 2. Voiceprint Analysis Unit 2. Voiceprint Analysis Unit 3. Firearms (Ballistics) Unit 3. Firearms (Ballistics) Unit 4. Toxicology Unit 4. Toxicology Unit 5. Document Unit 5. Document Unit

49. AGENDA Oct 7 Big Question: What is forensics? Big Question: What is forensics? 1. Place your Study Guides in the Homework Box. 2. Chapter 1 Test 3. You have the entire period to complete your test. DO YOUR OWN WORK. If you finish the test early, please sit quietly in your seat until the entire class has finished. BE RESPECTFUL of your classmates.

50. TEST CORRECTIONS Multiple Choice Questions Multiple Choice Questions Question #9: Change answer choice E to read “Gross” Question #11: Change answer choice E to read “Locard”