2. The Second World War

3. Questions What was the Holocaust?
Why did another world war break out in Europe and in the Pacific in the late 1930s
Why did the Allies win WWII?
What innovations in warfare were introduced in WWII?
How did WWII differ from WWI on the front lines and behind the lines?

4. Attitudes toward Germany
British: Anti-war and willing to be more lenient to Germans
French: bitterly hostile to Germans but unwilling to risk slow-growing population on war
USSR: suspicious of all western powers, feared that capitalist nations would gang up on the USSR
U.S.: felt duped by Europe and was unwilling to involve itself in European affairs: isolationism
Stresemann and Briand

5. International Policy Collective Security: Appeasement:
the idea that countries acting together (League of Nations) could discourage aggression and, if necessary, act together to stop aggressors
Not effective as League of Nations could not agree on common policy
Appeasement:
The making of concessions to an aggressor to avoid war
Not effective as it strengthened Hitler’s power within Germany and shifted the international power of balance
*Hitler admitted he would have backed down if France and Britain challenged Germany

6. Axis: The Aggressors Japan: Seizes Manchuria (1931) and China (1937)
Italy: Invades Ethiopia (1935) and Albania (1939)
Germany: Violates Treaty of Versailles
* Increase and re-arm military force (1935)
* Re-take territories, such as the Rhineland (buffer- zone) (1936)
* Expand borders (Lebensraum) by annexing Austria (1938) and Czechoslovakia (1939)
Axis powers formed November 1936

7. Axis: The Agressors
Italy: Japan: Germany:

8. DBQ Assignment Step 1: Write 2 paragraphs *Pro-Appeasement
*Pro-Collective Security
Step 2: Read the 9 documents
*Group into “Pro-Collective Security” or
“Pro-Appeasement”
*Summarize each document (answer ?’s)
Step 3: Developing an argument
*Intro Paragraph (thesis)
*Body Paragraph- Supporting thesis (Evidence X3)
* Body Paragraph- Counter-argument (Evidence X2)

9. DBQ Assignment Analyzing a Primary Source:
When/Where was this source created?
Who created the source?
What was the purpose of the source?
Why was the source created?
*Think: Why is this source important to history?

10. Toward World War
1936 Germany moved troops into the Rhineland, in violation of Treaty of Versailles
March 1938: Germany annexed Austria
Late 1938: Czech. crisis
Sudetenland (3 million Germans)
Munich Conference 1938
March 1939: Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia
Appeasement (Give in to an aggressor) GB and France
August 23, 1939 German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
The Danzig Corridor (Poland)
Chamberlain and Hitler at Munich

11. Outbreak of War in Europe
Aug 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact
Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland
Poland partitioned according to terms of Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
‘Blitzkrieg’= Lightning War
Sept. 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany (b/c of Poland )
Through May 1940, Britain and France mustered troops in France… “Sitzkrieg” or “Phony War”
May 1940, German armies attacked through Belgium; France fell June, 1940

12. Hitler’s War Battle of Britain, Summer 1940 (Ends May 1941)
-Hitler can be defeated!
Jan 1941 Germans.Italians entered war in N. Africa
- Devastating for Italians
War in the Balkans (1940)
June 1941 (March 1943) Hitler invaded Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa); 500 miles in 1 Week
At outskirts of Moscow by winter, Soviets burn everything as they retreat. Remember? (500,00 Germans die)
Dec. 1941, Germany declared war on U.S. (Atlantic Charter-freedom of trade)
Nov. 1942
U.S. landed in Africa
S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad

13. The Second World War in Europe

14. Eyewitness Accounts
Form groups of 3 Step 1- Read the article Step 2- Student summarizes the article (each student must summarize at least 1) Step 3- Write a one paragraph summary explaining why Hitler was successful to begin the war (Every student must complete) Step 4- Day in the Life During Blitzkrieg

15. D-Day: How Did We Get There?
Dec. 1941, Germany declared war on U.S. (Atlantic Charter-freedom of trade)
Pearl Harbor- December 7, 1941
1942
U.S. landed in Africa (Morocco and Algeria)
U.S. engages in Naval Battles in the Pacific
S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad (330,000 –90,000)
U.S. and Great Britain begin planning “Operation Overload”
U.S. and Great Britain invade Italy (Rome 1944)

16. D-Day Invasion began June 6, 1944
Britain, America, France, and Canada (Yes, even Canada)
American’s lose 2,700 men
W/in 1 month, 1 Million additional Allied troops land
“Largest land and sea attack in History”

17. D-Day Article & Worksheet
Collaborative Group Learning Student 1: Answer odd questions Student 2: Answer even questions

18. D-Day Article
1. What is operation overload? 2. What is the Atlantic Wall? 3. What part of the French coast was attacked? Was it a surprise? 4. Names of the 5 beaches landed on? 5. Where did the bloodiest fighting occur? 6. How many Allied casualties were there? 7. How were paratroopers used? 8. How was D-Day the turning point in WW II? 9. What were the consequences had the Allied Powers failed?

19. Pictures from the Past

20. Letter from Eisenhower
You should address these topics:
Explain the outcome of Operation Overlord
Explain why the outcome will be significant for the victors
Describe what it was like to fight on D-Day
*3 Pieces of Information (Academic Content) that you have taken from the lesson
-underline all information

21. DBQ Assignment * Total of 40 points Pre-Work DBQ Step 3 Step 1
Paragraph on “Pro-Appeasement” (5 pts.)
Paragraph on “Pro-Collective Security” (5 pts.)
Step 2
Summarize 9 documents from “DBQ” ( 10 pts.)
DBQ
Step 3
Thesis Statement (5 pts.)
Body Paragraph 1 with 3 pieces of evidence (9 pts.)
Body Paragraph 2 with 2 pieces of evidence (6 pts.)
* Total of 40 points

22. The Collapse of Nazi Germany
Nov. 1942
U.S. landed in Africa
S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad (Summer Winer 1943):
Germany reaches Stalingrad and then Soviets counter attack. It’s winter time and Germany soldiers are in their summer uniforms. Hitler says no retreat. Scorched earth policy worked again. Germany gains nothing, loses 300,000.
*Russian troops & winter are KEY
Italian Campaign, Allies are coming from the south
-North Africa (1943) then Italy (Rome on June 4, 1944); led by General Eisenhower (Supreme Commander of the Western Allied Forces in Europe)

23. Fall of Mussolini
Mussolini’s Military Weakness
Mussolini’s Demise

24. The Collapse of Nazi Germany
June 6, 1944 Normandy Invasion- D-Day (Operation Overlord, Eisenhower)
*Allied Invasion of France
July – August 1944: Allied Powers have liberated France (Paris), Belgium and Luxemburg; set sights on Germany
Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944
*Final German Offensive/Attack
American General George Patton

25. Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
6 Million Soviet-3 Million Allies head to Berlin… European War rapidly draws to an end
April 25, 1945: Soviets surround Berlin
April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide
May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered
Alfred Jordl signs German surrender

26. Yalta Conference: February, 1945
FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.
Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany.
Churchill wants strong Germany as buffer against Stalin.
FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’.
Potsdam Conference, July 1945: Germany divided into 4 Zones (Truman)

27. Breaking up Germany

28. Outbreak of War in Asia
Emperor Hirohito wants to create empire in the Pacific.
- Manchuria (1931) and China (1937)
July 1940 U.S. Embargo
Aviation fuel and scrap metal
July Embargo on oil
Japan is planning attacks on Southeast Asian colonies (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong, Guam) and Hawaii
Should this be the tipping point for America????

29. Isolationism NO More
Dec Japan attacks U.S. Pearl Harbor, “A day that will go down in infamy.” FDR
Yamamoto vs. Mac Arthur
-Mastermind of Japanese naval strategy vs. Mastermind of Allied Forces military strategy (island hopping)

30. Pearl Harbor

31. Pearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!

32. President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

33. FDR’s Speech Discussion Question’s
1. We heard President Roosevelt describe the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor as “a day that will live in infamy….” Infamy means disgrace, dishonor, or great wickedness. What do you think were the various emotions of Americans in the first hours and days after they heard the news of the attack?
2 . How do you think young Americans your age reacted to the news of Pearl Harbor? In what ways did the coming of WWII to the United States affect students your age?
3. Most Americans who experienced the Pearl Harbor attack remember to this day where they were when they heard the news. To them it is a shared generational moment. The same can be said of people who experienced President John Kennedy or Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassinations. Do you think you have experienced a historical moment that you will always remember? Do you think the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States will be such a memory?

34. War Effort Civilians: Worked in War Industries Rationed goods
Scrap metal devices
Legislation:
Americans are relocated to internment camps
-falsely labeled as enemies due to Ancestry
Does this sound familiar?

35. Japanese forces Invade China 1931
Japanese forces Invade China By 1942 they control Philippines, Guam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Dutch East Indies. (S.E. Asian colonies fall)

36. A Different Theatre
The Japanese military and civilians were much harder to break:
Kamikazes: Japanese suicide pilots who would sink Allied ships by crash-diving their planes
-dishonorable to surrender
Lt. John Spainhower:
“ The [Japanese] hated scouts… Anyway, they took me outside and I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shovels to stun them and piled earth on top.”
*How is fighting the Japanese in Asia tougher than fighting the Axis Forces in Europe?

37. The War in Asia Air Raid on Japan (April 1942)- Lt. James Doolittle
Proved Japan was vulnerable to attack
Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942)
- Halted Japanese advance into Australia
Battle of Midway (June ) Turned the war in the Pacific against the Japanese
-332 Japanese planes & all 4 aircraft carriers destroyed
-1st time ships are used to launch aircrafts for a battle

38. Island Hopping “Island Hopping” (Douglas MacArthur)
“Island Hop” past Japanese strongholds to less defended islands
Allows Allied Forces to “pick and choose” their battles
Aug Feb 1943 Guadalcanal
-Japanese lose 24,000 of a force of 36,000 on the “Island of Death.”
- 1st time island hopping strategy is used

39. Island Hopping After Guadalcanal, Japanese advances had been Stopped
Oct Philippines invaded
-MacArthur: “ People of the Philippine's, I have returned.”
-Disastrous outcome: Japan risked almost entire Navy fleet
Feb 19-March : Iwo Jima (760 Miles from Tokyo)
March 10, 1945 Firebombing of Tokyo
Okinawa (350 Miles) April1–June 21
-Japanese lose 100,00 troops; Americans 12,000
Next stop, Japan…
-Land invasion of Japan could cost half a Million Allied lives

40. Bringing the War to an End
Truman warns Japan on July 16
Why use the atomic bomb?
-Truman wanted quick end to war
Aug. 6 and Hiroshima and Nagasaki
September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders (V-J Day)

41. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 48,000 buildings. destroyed.
70,000 killed immediately
48,000 buildings. destroyed.
100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

42. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 40,000 killed immediately 60,000 injured.
100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

43. Bringing the War to an End
September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders (V-J Day)
New Japanese Constitution
-efforts led by MacArthur
Japanese Emperor has power reduced
-Insisted upon by the allies

44. New elements in warfare
Tanks: Presence on battlefield prevented WWII from turning into into the hopeless stalemate of WWI
Strategic Bombing: Use of large aircraft to knock out enemy industries and bomb enemy civilians
Atomic Bomb: Forced Japan to surrender in Sept
The Ruins of Dresden

45. Military Aircraft Production, in thousands of Planes

46. Consequences of War Estimated 45-55 million dead
Soviet Union lost 27 million
Poland lost 6 million, incl. 3 million Jews
Germans lost 5 million
Germans killed between 12 and 20 million in their zones of occupation
Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 occupation zones
European economy was devastated
U.S. ended war with 1/2 of the manufacturing capability on Earth
Postwar Berlin

47. The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity
Addresses Holocaust

48. Total War
“Civilians must have the war brought home to them. Every individual must be made to see the immediacy of the danger to him He must be made to understand that he is an integral part of the war front, and that if he loses the war, he loses everything.”
Government Information Manual for the Motion Picture Industry U.S. Office of War Information

50. Total War
Warfare in the industrial era meant that to fight and win, nations had to mobilize their entire population
Soldiers fought on front lines
Workers manned factories to make weapons
Farmers fed the soldiers and workers
Industrialization made it possible for the state to direct the entire economy toward the war effort
Civilians were regarded as legitimate casualties of war, since civilians manned factories, made weapons, and kept armies supplied