1. Cell Notes Chapter 4

2. 4.1 Vocabulary Cells – Cell Theory – Surface-To-Volume Ratio – Cytoplasm -

3. 4.1 Cell Theory: Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow 1) All cells come from pre-existing cells. 2) Cells are the smallest unit of living organisms. (Cells are the basic units of life) 3) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

4. 4.1 Why are cells so small? Larger cells do not function as efficiently. Center of the cell = “Command Center” – Nucleus – DNA The longer it takes to reach the “Command Center”, the longer life processes take See figure 4.2 on page 71 in textbook – As the cell radius increases, the volume increases proportionally. Volume is directly proportional to surface area!

5. 4.1 Shape –vs- Function All cells have unique shapes which are not random, but instead serve specific functions. Altering the shape of a cell can alter its ability to function well. Ex: Why must blood cells take their shape? Why must neurons have their shape?

6. 4.1 Why must blood cells take their shape? Neurons?

7. 4.1 Sum It Up! All living things are composed of one or more cells, each a small volume of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane. Most cells and their components are so small they can only be viewed using microscopes.

8. 4.2 Vocabulary Fluid mosaic model – Lipid Bilayer – Proteins within the Membrane – – Membrane proteins – – Cell surface proteins – – Transmembrane proteins -

9. Figure 4.6 – page 75 Proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer

10. 4.2 Sum It Up! All cells are encased within a delicate lipid bilayer sheet, the plasma membrane, within which are embedded a variety of proteins that act as markers or channels through the membrane.

11. 4.3 Vocabulary Prokaryotes – Organelles – – Explain the DNA of a prokaryotic cell. – Explain what a prokaryotic flagellum is used for. – Do Prokaryotes have organelles?

12. Prokaryotes Single cells only Limited parts (ribosome, cell membrane, cell wall) No specific compartments to perform key metabolic functions Oldest cells on the earth Example: Bacteria

13. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

14. 4.3 Sum It Up! Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and do not have an extensive system of interior membranes.

15. 4.4 Vocabulary -Organelles – -Nucleus – -Chromosomes - -Eukaryotes – -Plant Cells (internet search)– -Animal Cells (internet search)– -Protista (internet search)- -Cytoskeleton - -Cell Walls -

16. 4.4 Eukaryotes Single AND multicellular Multiple organelles Organelles serve as compartments for specific metabolic functions Younger cells Ex: Plant and animal cells, protista

17. 4.4 Sum It Up! Eukaryotic cells have a system of interior membranes and membrane-bound organelles that subdivide the interior into functional compartments.

18. FYI Kingdom Protista

19. 4.5 Vocab Nucleus – Nuclear Envelope – Nuclear Pores – Chromosomes – Chromatin – Ribosome - rRNA – Nucleolus - Endoplasmic Reticulum – Plasma Membrane – Golgi Complex (Apparatus) – Lysosomes – Mitochondria – Chloroplast –

20. 4.5 – The Nucleus Nucleus – Command center of the cell storing all genetic and hereditary information MAKES PROTEINS Nuclear envelope – two membranes Nuclear pore – allows passage of RNA Ribosomes – read RNA copy of a gene to direct proteins

21. Plant Cells All living things which conduct photosynthesis Eukaryotic Cell Wall Chloroplast Vacuole

22. Animal Cells Eukaryotic NO chloroplast No Cell wall

23. Venn Diagram Plant Cell Animal Cell Prokaryotic Cell

24. 4.5 Sum It Up! The nucleus is the command center of the cell, issuing instructions that control cell activities. It also stores the cell’s hereditary information.

25. 4.6 Vocabulary Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – – Rough ER - – Smooth ER - Golgi Bodies (Complex) – Lysosomes –

26. 4.6 Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER - Cell makes protein to leave the cell Smooth ER – cell makes carbohydrates & lipids

27. 4.6 Golgi Complex “Post office” of the cell Collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules made by the cell.

28. 4.6 Lysosomes From the Golgi Complex Contain Enzymes Break down & destroy “trash” from cells or the cell themselves.

29. 4.6 Sum It Up! An extensive system of interior membranes organizes the interior of the cell into functional compartments that manufacture and deliver proteins and carry out a variety of specialized chemical processes.

30. 4.7 Vocab Mitochondria – Chloroplast -

31. 4.7 Organelles with DNA Mitochondria – ENERGY – how the cells get energy from food! 2 membranes Cristae Matrix! Chloroplast – ENERGY - Photosynthesis in plants and algae Thylakoids – light powered reactions take place

32. 4.7 Sum It Up! Eukaryotic cells contain several complex organelles that have their own DNA and are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis from ancient bacteria.

33. 4.8 Vocab Cytoskeleton – 3 types of Protein Fibers: 1. Microfilaments – 2. Microtubules – 3. Intermediate filaments - Centrioles – Vacuoles -

34. 4.8 Cytoskeleton Responsible for the movement of a cell: – Modification of the shape of a cell – Modification of the size/location of a cell – Modification of the rigidity of a cell Intermediate filaments – overlapping proteins provides strength to the cell Microtubules – composed of tubulin proteins – intracellular transportation and stabilization of cell structure Actin microfilaments – 2 strands of the protein actin twist together to form bundles – this allows the cell to move.

35. 4.8 Cytoskeleton Centrioles – occur in pairs and located at right angles to one another near nuclear envelope. Vacuole – contains water, sugar, ions, and pigments. “storage”

36. 4.8 Sum It Up! The cytoskeleton is a latticework of protein fibers that determines a cell’s shape and anchors organelles to particular locations within the cytoplasm. Cells can move by changing their shape.

37. Whiteboard: Number your Diagram! SHOW & Explain THE FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING: Plant Cell 1.Eukaryotic 2.Cell Wall 3.ER 4.Nucleus 5.Golgi Complex 6.Mitochondria 7.Chloroplast 8.Chromosomes 9.Nucleolus 10.Ribosomes 11.Vacuole Animal Cell 1.Eukaryotic 2.Cell Membrane 3.ER 4.Nucleus 5.Golgi Complex 6.Mitochondria 7.Chromosomes 8.Nucleolus 9.Ribosomes