1. © Prepared By: Razif Razali 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO BASIC COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

2. © Prepared By: Razif Razali 2 Contents Architecture And OrganizationArchitecture And Organization Types of computer & its componentTypes of computer & its component Interconnection structures Interconnection structures

3. Computer Organization, Computer Design, Computer Architecture Computer Organization is concerned with the way the hardware computer operate and the way they are connected together to form the computer system.Computer Organization is concerned with the way the hardware computer operate and the way they are connected together to form the computer system. The various components are assumed to be in place and the task is to investigate the organizational structure to verify that the computer parts operation as intended.The various components are assumed to be in place and the task is to investigate the organizational structure to verify that the computer parts operation as intended. © Prepared By: Razif Razali 3

4. Computer Organization, Computer Design, Computer Architecture Computer Design is concerned with the hardware design of the computer.Computer Design is concerned with the hardware design of the computer. Once the computer specification is formulated, it is the task of the designer to develop hardware for the system.Once the computer specification is formulated, it is the task of the designer to develop hardware for the system. Computer Design is concerned with the determination of what hardware should be used and how the parts should be connected.Computer Design is concerned with the determination of what hardware should be used and how the parts should be connected. This aspect of computer hardware is sometimes referred to as computer implementation.This aspect of computer hardware is sometimes referred to as computer implementation. © Prepared By: Razif Razali 4

5. Computer Organization, Computer Design, Computer Architecture Computer Architecture is concerned with the structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the user.Computer Architecture is concerned with the structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. It includes the information formats, the instruction set and techniques for addressing memoryIt includes the information formats, the instruction set and techniques for addressing memory © Prepared By: Razif Razali 5

6. Architecture & Organization COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Attribute of a system visible to a programmer or, those attribute that have direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION Operational units and their interconnection that realize the architectural specifications Control signals, interfaces, memory technology © Prepared By: Razif Razali 6

7. Architecture & Organization All Intel x86 family share the same basic architectureAll Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architectureThe IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibilityThis gives code compatibility –At least backwards Organization differs between different versionsOrganization differs between different versions

8. Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each otherStructure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structureFunction is the operation of individual components as part of the structure Both the structure and function is the main function that a computer can perform.Both the structure and function is the main function that a computer can perform.

9. History of Computers The first generation – Vacuum TubesThe first generation – Vacuum Tubes The von Neumann MachineThe von Neumann Machine IAS ModelIAS Model © Prepared By: Razif Razali 9

10. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And ComputerElectronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Started 1943 and finished 1946Started 1943 and finished 1946 Was the first general-purpose electronic computerWas the first general-purpose electronic computer Eckert and MauchlyEckert and Mauchly University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania Trajectory tables for weaponsTrajectory tables for weapons –ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory –Too late for war effort

11. ENIAC - details Decimal (not binary)Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits20 accumulators of 10 digits Programmed manually by switchesProgrammed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons30 tons 15,000 square feet15,000 square feet 140 kW power consumption140 kW power consumption 5,000 additions per second5,000 additions per second

12. Von Neumann/Turing Stored Program conceptStored Program concept Main memory storing programs and dataMain memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary dataALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executingControl unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unitInput and output equipment operated by control unit Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies - IASPrinceton Institute for Advanced Studies - IAS Completed 1952Completed 1952

13. Structure of von Neumann machine

14. IAS The IAS machine was the first electronic computer built by the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), in Princeton, New Jersey, USA.The IAS machine was the first electronic computer built by the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. It is sometimes called the von Neuman machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS.It is sometimes called the von Neuman machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS. The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under his direction.The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under his direction. The general organization is called Von Neumann architecture, even though it was both originated and implemented by others.The general organization is called Von Neumann architecture, even though it was both originated and implemented by others. © Prepared By: Razif Razali 14

15. IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words1000 x 40 bit words –Binary number –2 x 20 bit instructions Set of registers (storage in CPU)Set of registers (storage in CPU) –Memory Buffer Register –Memory Address Register –Instruction Register –Instruction Buffer Register –Program Counter –Accumulator –Multiplier Quotient

16. Structure of IAS

17. Generations of Computer Vacuum tube - 1946-1957Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 Transistor - 1958-1964Transistor - 1958-1964 Small scale integration - 1965 onSmall scale integration - 1965 on –Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium scale integration - to 1971Medium scale integration - to 1971 –100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration - 1971-1977Large scale integration - 1971-1977 –3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration - 1978 to dateVery large scale integration - 1978 to date –100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integrationUltra large scale integration –Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

18. Computer Generations GenerationYearTechnologyTypical Speed (Second) 11946-1957Vacuum Tube40,000 21958-1964Transistor200,000 31965-1971Small and medium scale integration 1,000,000 41972-1977Large Scale Integration10,000,000 51978-1991Very Large Scale Integration100,000,000 61991- onwardsUltra Large Scale Integration1,000,000,000 © Prepared By: Razif Razali 18

19. History of Computer © Prepared By: Razif Razali 19

20. PREPARED BY: RAZIF RAZALI20 Categories of Computer system Computer comes in sizes from tiny to monstrous, in both appearance and power.Computer comes in sizes from tiny to monstrous, in both appearance and power. –Personal Computers (PC) Most often called microcomputers or desktop computers. Price from RM1000 to RM3000. –Minicomputers Also known as midrange computers. Less expensive and are generally limited in their storage capability.

21. PREPARED BY: RAZIF RAZALI21 Categories of Computer system –Mainframes Capable of processing data at very high speeds – billions of instructions per second. Price from several hundred to millions dollar. –Supercomputers The mightiest computer and the most expensive. The fastest – can process trillions of instruction per second.

22. Interconnection Structure A computer consists of a set of components or modules of three basic types that communicate with each other.A computer consists of a set of components or modules of three basic types that communicate with each other. In effect, a computer is a network of basic modules.In effect, a computer is a network of basic modules. Thus, there must be paths for connecting the modules.Thus, there must be paths for connecting the modules. The collection of paths connecting the various modules is called the Interconnection Structure.The collection of paths connecting the various modules is called the Interconnection Structure. © Prepared By: Razif Razali 22

23. Computer Modules

24. Summary Define the following terms:Define the following terms: –Computer Architecture –Computer Design –Computer Organization Computer Types and ComponentsComputer Types and Components –ENIAC –Von Neuman Model –IAS Model Interconnection StructureInterconnection Structure © Prepared By: Razif Razali 24