1. MME 1008 TECHNICAL ENGLISH-II yücel birol

2. You will often need to use purpose, reason and result clauses in your written and spoken work at university. You use a purpose clause when you want to state the purpose of the action in the independent clause. The most common type of purpose clause is a to- infinitive clause. Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report. Purpose, reason and result clauses

3. In formal writing, in order to and so as to are used. The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’ views. In formal writing, you can also introduce a purpose clause with so that or in order that. These finite purpose clauses usually contain a modal. Dr. Chan adjusted the overhead projector so that the students would be able to see the chart more clearly. The lecturer finished his lecture five minutes early so that the students could come and ask him questions. Purpose, reason and result clauses

4. difference between so and so that : so that implies that the cause was deliberately done by someone in order to get a specific result. other ways of expressing purpose in English: with a view to, with the intention of, with the object/aim of, for the purpose of If you use these phrases, make sure that the verb is in the _ing form. Purpose, reason and result clauses

5. other ways of expressing purpose in English: with a view to with the intention of with the object/aim of for the purpose of If you use these phrases, make sure that the verb is in the _ing form. Purpose, reason and result clauses

6. The university introduced two new English courses with a view to enhancing students’ proficiency in the language. In your written and spoken assignments you will often need to answer the question ‘Why?’. When you want to explain why something happens, you can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunctions because, as or since. As she wanted to practise her spoken English, Carrie regularly took part in the ELC’s Big Mouth Corner. Mark joined the English Drama Club because he wanted to improve his intonation. Purpose, reason and result clauses

7. Common mistake Don’t use so in sentences beginning with since, as or because. Here is a common mistake: Since he was interested in movies, so David joined the PolyU International Film Society. Purpose, reason and result clauses

8. Prepositional Phrases You can also use the prepositional phrases because of on account of to express reason. We were unable to carry out the experiment on account of a malfunction in the computer. We were unable to carry out the experiment because the computer malfunctioned. there are many other ways of indicating reason and cause in English. Purpose, reason and result clauses

9. When you want to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a result clause. Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as so, so... that, or such … that. result clauses

10. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep. Peter was having problems with mathematics, so he went to see his tutor to ask for advice. There were so many books on the subject that Cindy didn’t know where to begin. There was such a lot of material to cover that Ivan found it difficult to keep up with his studies. result clauses

11. Result There are many other ways of talking about the result of an action or situation. In some situations you may prefer to use and as a result or with the result that. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, and as a result some of the students began to fall asleep. The lecture was boring and irrelevant, with the result that some of the students began to fall asleep. result clauses

12. As a result As a result can also be used at the beginning of a new sentence. The lecture was boring and irrelevant. As a result, some of the students began to fall asleep. result clauses

13. Therefore etc. The following words and phrases are used in the same way. Therefore, Thus, In consequence, Consequently, For this/that reason result clauses

14. -ing clauses Causal relations can be expressed by ing-clauses of result. The government increased the duty on wine. As a result, there was a fall in demand. The government increased the duty on wine, resulting in a fall in demand. result clauses

15. Choose the correct word from the list. Kevin changed his major from Geography to Business Studies ……………… improving his job prospects. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

16. Choose the correct word from the list. Kelvin changed his major from Geography to Business Studies with a view to improving his job prospects. Explanation: Kelvin purposely changed his major, so this sentence has a purpose clause. The word following the gap is improving, an _ing word. There is a list of words above that you could use in this gap, but the only phrase in the drop-down box from the list is with a view to. exercise

17. Dr Leung arranged some extra tutorials ……………… give her students more opportunities to ask questions before the examination. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

18. Dr Leung arranged some extra tutorials so as to give her students more opportunities to ask questions before the examination. Answer: to is also correct! Explanation: This is a sentence with a purpose clause. The answer cannot be so that or in order that because the following word, give, is a verb. It cannot be with a view to, with the intention of, with the object/aim of, or for the purpose of because give is not an _ing verb. exercise

19. A key piece of equipment broke down ……………… the laboratory session had to be cancelled. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

20. A key piece of equipment broke down so/with the result that the laboratory session had to be cancelled. Explanation: This is a sentence with a result clause. The answer cannot be so that because a piece of equipment cannot purposely decide to break down. exercise

21. …………………. Tony has a very good foundation in English, he had little difficulty in passing the examination. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

22. As / Because Tony has a very good foundation in English, he had little difficulty in passing the examination. Explanation: This is a sentence with a reason clause. The answer cannot be on account of, as this should be followed by a noun phrase, not a clause. It would be correct to write, 'On account of Tony's very good foundation in English, he had little difficulty in passing the examination.' as Tony's very good foundation in English is a noun phrase. Another possible answer is 'on account of Tony having a very good...' exercise

23. Professor Li repeated the point in Cantonese ………………………. the students would fully understand. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

24. Professor Li repeated the point in Cantonese so / so that / in order that the students would fully understand. Explanation: This is a sentence with a purpose clause. So is correct because it means therefore in this example. Both so that and in order that show that Professor Li's purpose was to help the students understand. The answer cannot be to, because the word after the gap is not a verb. It would be correct to write 'Professor Li repeated the point in Cantonese to make sure / ensure that the students would fully understand. exercise

25. David was ……….. busy with his final-year project that he was unable to take part in extra-curricular activities. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

26. David was so busy with his final-year project that he was unable to take part in extra-curricular activities. Explanation: This is a sentence with a result clause. So matches with the that after project and can define busy. Such is wrong because such busy cannot go together. Such can be followed by a noun phrase; e.g. David was such a busy person that he was unable to take part in extra-curricular activities. exercise

27. It was ………….. a successful lecture series that the English Language Centre decided to repeat it the following semester. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

28. It was such a successful lecture series that the English Language Centre decided to repeat it the following semester. Explanation: This is a sentence with a result clause. Such can be followed by a noun phrase; e.g. a successful lecture series. It is part of the phrase such...that. exercise

29. The examination had to be postponed …………………… the typhoon. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

30. The examination had to be postponed on account of the typhoon. Explanation: This is a sentence with a reason clause. Because is wrong unless you write of after it; i.e. because of the typhoon. It would also be correct to write 'The examination had to be postponed due to the typhoon.' exercise

31. Amy joined the English Club ………………….. she wanted to increase her circle of friends. Asso So thatbecause With the result thatin order that With a view tosuch On account ofso as to exercise

32. Amy joined the English Club as / because she wanted to increase her circle of friends. Explanation: This is a sentence with a reason clause. Because of and on account of are wrong because they are not followed by clauses, but by noun phrases; e.g. 'Amy joined the English Club because of her desire to increase her circle of friends. exercise

37. Cause and Effect words and phrases