1. Chapter 4
SOCIALIZATION

2. THE IMPORTANANCE OF SOCIALIZATION
Section 1
THE IMPORTANANCE OF SOCIALIZATION

3. SOCIALIZATION & PERSONALITY
 Socialization the process of learning to
participate in a group
 How do we know socialization is
important?
 How do monkeys react to social isolation?
 Harry Harlow
 Can we generalize from monkeys to
humans?

4. HARLOW EXPERIMENT

5. CASE STUDIES ON ISOLATED CHILDREN: ANNA ISABELLE abused &
 Anna & Isabelle were socially and emotionally
abused
 Traumatic childhoods
&

6. Briefly describe Harlow’s experiment.
He took new born Rhesus monkeys and separated then from their mothers. They were then observed on their choice between 2 robot monkeys, one with soft covering and the other without covering but having food. The stimulus used was a loud siren and lights to scare the monkeys.

7. How do Harlow’s findings related to humans?
Human babies have emotional needs such as affection, intimacy, and warmth. If they do not get these things they have difficulty forming emotional ties with others.

8. What things can be learned from the story of Anna?
Ignoring the emotional needs of a child will seriously slow their ability to learn & function within society. This can also cause great physical damage as well.

9. What things are hypothesized from Isabelle?
Even though she was not educated, her ability to learn was not hindered because she was stimulated emotionally.
What things are hypothesized from Isabelle?
* Intensive and prolonged social contact with others is key to being healthy

10. SOCIALIZATION & THE SELF
Section 2
SOCIALIZATION & THE SELF

11. Agents of Socialization
Institutions pass on expectations about appropriate social behavior:
Family
Media
Peers
Religion
Sports

12. The Family Families introduce children to the expectations of society.
How parents define and treat a child is crucial to the development of the child’s sense of self.
Some families emphasize educational achievement; some may be more permissive, whereas others emphasize strict obedience and discipline.

13. The Media
The average young person (age 8–19) spends 6 3/4 hours per day immersed in media in various forms, often using multiple media forms simultaneously.
Television is the dominant medium, although half of all youth use a computer daily.
Analysts estimate that by age 18, the average child will have witnessed at least 18,000 simulated murders on television.

14. Polling Question
Which media source do you think has the strongest impact on attitudes and behaviors of your generation?
Advertising
Television
Music and music videos
The Internet
Magazines

15. Peers For children, peer culture is an important source of identity.
Through interaction with peers, children learn concepts of self, gain social skills, and form values and attitudes.
Girls’ peer groups tend to be closely knit and egalitarian.
Boys’ peer groups tend to be more hierarchical, with evident status distinctions between members.

16. Religion
Children tend to develop the same religious beliefs as their parents.
Very often those who disavow religion return to their original faith at some point in their life, especially if they have strong ties to their family of origin and after they form families of their own.
Religious socialization also influences beliefs about sexuality, including the likelihood of tolerance for gay and lesbian sexuality.

17. Sports Through sports, men and women learn concepts of self.
Men learn that being competitive in sports is considered a part of “manhood.”
Current research finds that women in sports develop a strong sense of bodily competence, which is typically denied to them by the prevailing cultural images of women’s bodies.

18. Student-Athletes: The Impact of Title IX

19. Schools
In school, teachers and other students are the source of expectations that encourage children to think and behave in particular ways.
Research finds that teachers respond differently to boys than to girls, with boys receiving more of their attention.
The hidden curriculum consists of the informal and often subtle messages about social roles conveyed through classroom interaction and materials.

20. Polling Question
Which agent of socialization do you think is the most responsible for gender differences in how males and females are socialized?
The family
Religion
The peer group
Education
Mass media

21. Moments in America for Children
Every 9 seconds a high school student drops out.
Every 20 seconds a child is arrested.
Every 37 seconds a child is born to a mother who is not a high school graduate.
Every 43 seconds a child is born into poverty.
Every minute a child is born to a teen mother.
Every 2 minutes a child is born at low birth weight.

22. Moments in America for Children
Every 4 minutes a child is born to a mother who received late or no prenatal care.
Every 4 minutes a child is arrested for drug abuse.
Every 8 minutes a child is arrested for a violent
crime.
Every 19 minutes a baby dies.

23. Moments in America for Children
Every 3 hours a child or youth under 20 is killed by a firearm.
Every 3 hours a child or youth under 20 is a homicide victim.
Every 5 hours a child or youth under 20 commits suicide.
Every day a young person under 25 dies from HIV infection.

24. THE FUNCTIONALIST & CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIALIZATION
 How does the functionalist perspective explain
socialization?
 Stresses the ways in which groups work together to
create a stable society
 How does the conflict perspective explain
 Views socialization as perpetuating the status quo

25. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM & SOCIALIZATION
 How does symbolic interactionism help us understand socialization?
 The self-concept (an image of yourself as having an identity separate from
other people)
 The looking-glass self (an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you

26. The Looking-glass Self

27. What are the 3 stages of the looking glass self process?
Imagine how we appear to others
Imagine the reaction of others to our appearance
Evaluate ourselves according to how we imagine others have judged us
*Not a conscience process/ Stages happen rapidly/ results can be positive and negative self evaluation
An example would be getting ready for
date.

28. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM & SOCIALIZATION
 How does symbolic interactionism help us understand socialization?
 Significant others (those people whose reactions are most important to you)

29. viewpoint to shape the self concept)
 Significant others (those people whose reactions are most important to you)
 Role taking (assuming the viewpoint of another person and using that
viewpoint to shape the self concept)
 Imitation stage Mead’s first stage in the development of role taking, children begin to
imitate behaviors without understanding why
 Play stage Mead’s second stage in the development of role taking, children act in ways
they imagine other people would
 Game stage Mead’s third stage in the development of role taking, children anticipate the
actions of others based on social rules
The generalized other ( integrated conception of the norms, values, and
beliefs of one’s community or society)

30. “me” is the part of the self formed through socialization
“I” is the part of the self that accounts
for unlearned, spontaneous acts

31. Compare the “ME” & “I” Me I Predictable/ Created by socialization
Directs 1st reaction to socially acceptable channels
Can be overridden by I
Spontaneous/Unlearned or Instinctual
Acts in rage or excitement
1st reaction
Can be directed by me
Can over ride me

32. How the Media Influence
FOCUS ON THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
Theoretical Perspective
View of Socialization
How the Media Influence
Socialization
Functionalism
Stresses how socialization
contributes to a stable
society.
Network television
programs encourage social
integation by exposing the
entire society to shared
beliefs, values and norms.
Conflict Theory
View socialization as a way
for the powerful to keep
things the same.
Newspaper owners and
editors exercise power by
setting the political agenda
for a community
Symbolic Interactionism
Holds that socialization is
the major determinant of
human nature
Through words and
pictures, children’s books
expose the young to the
meaning of love, manners,
and motherhood.

33. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Section 3
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

34. THE FAMILY & SOCIALIZATION
 Within the family the child learns to:
1. Think & speak
2. Internalize norms, beliefs, and values
3. Form some basic attitudes
4. Develop a capacity for intimate and personal
relationships
5. Acquire a self-image

35. Who are the most common significant others?
Your Parents
Later in life your peers

36. What things does a child learn from their family?
Think & Speak
Internalize norms, beliefs, & value
Form basic attitudes
Develop capacity for intimate & personal relationships
Acquire self image
*Impact reaches far beyond its direct effect, families social class shapes what we think of ourselves & how we are treated by others.

37. SOCIALIZATION IN SCHOOLS
 How do schools socialize students? Hidden curriculum (the informal and official
aspects of culture that children are taught in
school)
 John Holt

38. What things are learned through school besides academics?
Discipline/Order/Co-operation/Conformity
Idea of time & schedule
Rules & Regulations
Rewards of praise/ Acceptance for proper behavior
Young people must depend on each other for their social life

39. PEER GROUP SOCIALIZATION
 How do peer groups contribute to socialization?
 Peer groups (set of individuals of roughly the same
age and interests)
 Do friends or family have more influence on young people? Judith Harris

40. Briefly summarize the importance of peer groups.
Different relationships: School/Family vs. Peer Group
Experience conflict, competition, and cooperation
Self direction  new ways of thinking, feeling, behaving, & engaging in self-expression

41. Briefly summarize the importance of peer groups.
Independence from adults due to clashing norms of peer group
Development of self-sufficiency
Close ties with non-family and opposite sex
Dealing with large numbers of different people
* Peer groups have a growing effect on social development.

42. THE MASS MEDIA AND SOCIALIZATION
 What role do the mass media play to
socialization?
 What about violence in the mass media (means
of communication designed to reach the general population)?

43. What roles do mass media play in socialization?
Pros
Cons
Displays role model for children to imitate
Offer Children ideas about values in their society
Provide images of :
Achievement & Success
Activity & Work
Equality & Democracy
Display violence and violent behavior
Depicts ideas of discrimination & sexism
Effects are hidden, subtle, and long term

44. PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION
Section 4
PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION

45. DESOCIALIZATION & RESOCIALIZATION
 How does desocialization prepare people for new learning?
 Total institutions places in which people are separated
from the rest of society & controlled by officials in charge
 Desocialization the process of giving up old norms, values,
attitudes & behaviors
 How does resocialization help?
 Resocialization the process of adopting new norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors

46. Summarize Desocialization & explain how it is done.
Destruction of old self-concepts of personal identity
Desocialization is done by:
Replacing personal items with standard issue
Using serial numbers to identify, instead of names
Loss of privacy

47. GI JANE

48. ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
 Anticipatory socialization the voluntary process of preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
 Reference group group whose norms and
values are used to guide behavior, group with
whom you identify

49. Who would fall into Anticipatory Socialization?
Pre-teens/ Teenagers/ and College Freshman
This is a transition between something.
Usually done on a voluntary basis.

50. Children in the United States

51. The World’s Children