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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 12.1 – 12.22 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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The Lymphatic System Slide 12.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Consists of two semi-independent parts Lymphatic vessels Lymphoid tissues and organs Lymphatic system functions Transport fluids back to the blood Play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
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Lymphatic Characteristics Slide 12.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph – excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels Properties of lymphatic vessels One way system toward the heart No pump Lymph moves toward the heart Milking action of skeletal muscle Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls
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Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph Capillaries Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries Capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments Higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves
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Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.1
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Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic collecting vessels Collects lymph from lymph capillaries Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes Figure 12.2
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Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic collecting vessels (continued) Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct Figure 12.2
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Lymph Slide 12.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Materials returned to the blood Water Blood cells Proteins
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Lymph Slide 12.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels Bacteria Viruses Cancer cells Cell debris
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Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood Defense cells within lymph nodes Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens
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Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.3
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Lymph Node Structure Slide 12.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most are kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch long Cortex Outer part Contains follicles – collections of lymphocytes Medulla Inner part Contains phagocytic macrophages
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Other Lymphoid Organs Slide 12.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function Spleen Thymus Tonsils Peyer’s patches Figure 12.5
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The Spleen Slide 12.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Located on the left side of the abdomen Filters blood Destroys worn out blood cells Forms blood cells in the fetus Acts as a blood reservoir
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The Thymus Slide 12.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Located low in the throat, overlying the heart Functions at peak levels only during childhood Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
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Tonsils Slide 12.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with bacteria
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Peyer’s Patches Slide 12.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Found in the wall of the small intestine Resemble tonsils in structure Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) Slide 12.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Includes: Peyer’s patches Tonsils Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue Acts as a sentinal to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
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Body Defenses Slide 12.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The body is constantly in contact with bacteria, fungi, and viruses The body has two defense systems for foreign materials Nonspecific defense system Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials
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Body Defenses Slide 12.15b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Specific defense system Specific defense is required for each type of invader Also known as the immune system
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Nonspecific Body Defenses Slide 12.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body surface coverings Intact skin Mucous membranes Specialized human cells Chemicals produced by the body
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Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense Slide 12.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The skin Physical barrier to foreign materials pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth Sebum is toxic to bacteria Vaginal secretions are very acidic
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Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense Slide 12.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stomach mucosa Secretes hydrochloric acid Has protein-digesting enzymes Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme Mucus traps microogranisms in digestive and respiratory pathways
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Defensive Cells Slide 12.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material Figure 12.6b
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Defensive Cells Slide 12.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural killer cells Can lyse and kill cancer cells Can destroy virus- infected cells Figure 12.6b
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Inflammatory Response - Second Line of Defense Slide 12.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Triggered when body tissues are injured Produces four cardinal signs Redness Heat Swelling Pain Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing
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Functions of the Inflammatory Response Slide 12.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prevents spread of damaging agents Disposes of cell debris and pathogens Sets the stage for repair
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Steps in the Inflammatory Response Slide 12.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7
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Antimicrobial Chemicals Slide 12.22c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interferon Secreted proteins of virus-infected cells Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding
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Fever Slide 12.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abnormally high body temperature Hypothalmus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells) High temperatures inhibit the release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria Fever also increases the speed of tissue repair
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Specific Defense: The Immune System – Third Line of Defense Slide 12.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antigen specific – recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances Systemic – not restricted to the initial infection site Has memory – recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
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Types of Immunity Slide 12.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humoral immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Cells produce chemicals for defense Cellular immunity Cell-mediated immunity Cells target virus infected cells
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Allergies Slide 12.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Many small molecules (called haptens or incomplete antigens) are not antigenic, but link up with our own proteins The immune system may recognize and respond to a protein-hapten combination The immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells
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Cells of the Immune System Slide 12.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphocytes Originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow B lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the bone marrow T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus Macrophages Arise from monocytes Become widely distributed in lymphoid organs
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Activation of Lymphocytes Slide 12.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.9
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Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Slide 12.31a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen The binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection A large number of clones are produced (primary humoral response)
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Humoral (Antibody Mediated) Immune Response Slide 12.31b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most B cells become plasma cells Produce antibodies to destroy antigens Activity lasts for four or five days Some B cells become long-lived memory cells (secondary humoral response)
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Humoral Immune Response Slide 12.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.10
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Secondary Response Slide 12.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Memory cells are long-lived A second exposure causes a rapid response The secondary response is stronger and longer lasting Figure 12.11
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Active Immunity Slide 12.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies Active immunity can be naturally or artificially acquired Figure 12.12
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Passive Immunity Slide 12.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antibodies are obtained from someone else Conferred naturally from a mother to her fetus Conferred artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin Immunological memory does not occur Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies”
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Monoclonal Antibodies Slide 12.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antibodies prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic services Produced from descendents of a single cell line Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies Diagnosis of pregnancy Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies
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Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) (Igs) Slide 12.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells) Carried in blood plasma Capable of binding specifically to an antigen
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Antibody Structure Slide 12.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds Two identical amino acid chains are linked to form a heavy chain Figure 12.13b
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Antibody Structure Slide 12.38b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The other two identical chains are light chains Specific antigen- binding sites are present Figure 12.13b
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Antibody Classes Slide 12.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles Five major immunoglobulin classes IgM – can fix complement IgA – found mainly in mucus IgD – important in activation of B cell IgG – can cross the placental barrier IgE – involved in allergies
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response Slide 12.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell (antigen presentation) T cells must recognize nonself and self (double recognition) After antigen binding, clones form as with B cells, but different classes of cells are produced
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T Cell Clones Slide 12.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytotoxic T cells Specialize in killing infected cells Insert a toxic chemical (perforin) Helper T cells Recruit other cells to fight the invaders Interact directly with B cells
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T Cell Clones Slide 12.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Suppressor T cells Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity A few members of each clone are memory cells
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Organ Transplants and Rejection Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major types of grafts Autografts – tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person Isografts – tissue grafts from an identical person (identical twin) Allografts – tissue taken from an unrelated person Xenografts – tissue taken from a different animal species
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Organ Transplants and Rejection Slide 12.46b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autografts and isografts are ideal donors Xenografts are never successful Allografts are more successful with a closer tissue match
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Disorders of Immunity: Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Slide 12.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abnormal, vigorous immune responses Types of allergies Immediate hypersensitivity Triggered by release of histamine from IgE binding to mast cells Reactions begin within seconds of contact with allergen Anaphylactic shock – dangerous, systemic response
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Disorders of Immunity: Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Slide 12.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of allergies (continued) Delayed hypersensitivity Triggered by the release of lymphokines from activated helper T cells Symptoms usually appear 1–3 days after contact with antigen
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Allergy Mechanisms Slide 12.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.17
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Disorders of Immunity: Immunodeficiencies Slide 12.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal May be congenital or acquired Includes AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The immune system does not distinguish between self and nonself The body produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Examples of autoimmune diseases Multiple sclerosis – white matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed Myasthenia gravis – impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles Juvenile diabetes – destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints
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Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Examples of autoimmune diseases (continued) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – affects kidney, heart, lung and skin Glomerulonephritis – impairment of renal function
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Self Tolerance Breakdown Slide 12.51a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inefficient lymphocyte programming Appearance of self-proteins in the circulation that have not been exposed to the immune system Eggs Sperm Eye lens
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Self Tolerance Breakdown Slide 12.51b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with self- antigens Rheumatic fever
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Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Slide 12.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Except for thymus and spleen, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed before birth A newborn has no functioning lymphocytes at birth; only passive immunity from the mother If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe edema results, but vessels grow back in time
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