1. The Lymphatic System Consists of ________ parts
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphatic system functions
_______________ fluids back to the blood
Play essential roles in body _________________ and resistance to disease
Slide 12.1
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2. Lymphatic Characteristics
__________________– excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels
lymphatic vessels are…
One way system toward the heart
No pump involved so the lymph is moved via:
Milking action of skeletal muscle
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls
Slide 12.2
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3. Lymphatic Vessels Lymph ______________________
Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves
Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
Capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments
Higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves
Slide 12.3a
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4. See Page 369 Lymphatic Vessels Figure 12.1 Slide 12.3b
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5. See Page 370 Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic ____________ vessels
Collects lymph from lymph capillaries
Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes
See Page 370
Figure 12.2
Slide 12.4a
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6. See Page 370 Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic collecting vessels (continued)
Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
See Page 370
Figure 12.2
Slide 12.4b
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7. Lymph Materials returned to the blood
Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels
Slide 12.5a
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8. Lymph Nodes Defense cells within lymph nodes
______________________ lymph before it is returned to the blood
Defense cells within lymph nodes
______________________– engulf and destroy foreign substances
______________________– provide immune response to antigens
Slide 12.6a
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9. See Page 371 Lymph Nodes Figure 12.3 Slide 12.6b
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10. Lymph Node Structure Most are kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch long
______________________
Outer part
Contains follicles – collections of lymphocytes
Inner part
Contains phagocytic macrophages
Slide 12.7a
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11. See Page 371 Lymph Node Structure Figure 12.4 Slide 12.7b
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12. Flow of Lymph Through Nodes
Lymph enters the ______________________ side through afferent lymphatic vessels
Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the ______________________
Lymph exits through ______________________ lymphatic vessels
Fewer efferent than afferent vessels causes flow to be slowed
Slide 12.8
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13. See Page 372 Other Lymphoid Organs
Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function
See Page 372
Figure 12.5
Slide 12.9
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14. The Spleen Located on the ___________side of the abdomen Filters blood
Destroys worn out blood cells
Forms blood cells in the fetus
Acts as a blood reservoir
Slide 12.10
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15. The Thymus Located low in the throat, overlying the heart
Functions at peak levels only during childhood
Produces ______________________(like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
Slide 12.11
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16. Tonsils Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
Trap and remove ______________________ and other foreign materials
______________________ is caused by congestion with bacteria
Slide 12.12
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17. Peyer’s Patches Found in the wall of the ____________________
Resemble tonsils in structure
Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
Slide 12.13
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18. Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
Includes:
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
Acts as a sentinal to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
Slide 12.14
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19. Body Defenses
The body is constantly in contact with bacteria, fungi, and viruses
The body has two defense systems for foreign materials
______________________ defense system
Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders
Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials
Slide 12.15a
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20. Body Defenses Specific defense is required for each type of invader
______________________ defense system
Specific defense is required for each type of invader
Also known as the immune system
Slide 12.15b
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21. Nonspecific Body Defenses
Body surface coverings
Specialized human cells
Chemicals produced by the body
Slide 12.16
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22. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense
The skin
Physical barrier to foreign materials
pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth
Sebum is toxic to bacteria
Vaginal secretions are very acidic
Slide 12.17a
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23. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense
Stomach mucosa
Secretes ______________________
Has protein-digesting enzymes
Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain ______________________
Mucus traps microorganisms in digestive and respiratory pathways
Slide 12.17b
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24. See Page 374 Defensive Cells Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole
______________________ (neutrophils and macrophages)
Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole
Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material
See Page 374
Slide 12.18a
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Figure 12.6b

25. See Page 374 Defensive Cells Natural killer cells
Can lyse and kill cancer cells
Can destroy virus- infected cells
Slide 12.18b
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Figure 12.6b

26. Inflammatory Response - Second Line of Defense
Triggered when body tissues are injured
Produces four cardinal signs
Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing
Slide 12.19
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27. Functions of the Inflammatory Response
Prevents spread of damaging agents
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
Sets the stage for repair
Slide 12.20
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28. See Page 375 Steps in the Inflammatory Response Figure 12.7
Slide 12.21
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29. See Page 377 Antimicrobial Chemicals Complement
A group of at least 20 plasma proteins
Activated when they encounter and attach to cells (complement fixation)
See Page 377
Figure 12.8
Slide 12.22a
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30. See Page 377 Antimicrobial Chemicals Complement (continued)
Damage foreign cell surfaces
Has vasodilators, chemotaxis, and opsonization
See Page 377
Figure 12.8
Slide 12.22b
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31. Antimicrobial Chemicals
____________
Secreted proteins of virus-infected cells
Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding
Slide 12.22c
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