1. Unit 3 Review Includes information from 3A, 3B, 3C

2. PHRENOLOGY: BUMPS IN YOUR HEAD Early 1800’s German physician Franz Gall invented a popular idea that bumps on our skull reveal mental ability and character traits. Britain had 29 Phrenological societies and some traveled to the US to give “skull readings ”

3. Structure of Neurons What are Neurons and how do they transmit information? NEURONS: are nerve cells, the basic building block of the nervous system. 3 Types: Sensory Neurons: carry info from receptors to brain and spinal cord. Motor Neurons: carry info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands Interneurons: neurons within the brain who communicate internally with the other two. Action Potential: A brief electrical charge that travels along the Axon of a Neuron

4. Structure of Neurons

5.  Resting Potential  Nothing is happening. The gates are closed and the positive ions are on the outside with the negative ions on the inside of the cell. “Negative Ions inside the Neuron is Natural”  Action Potential – (Neural Impulse)  a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon  generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane  This process is due to stimulation from either heat, chemicals, pressure or light

6. The Neural Impulse Polarization When the inside of the Neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside (resting potential) Depolarization When the electrical charge of a cell moves toward zero

7. Neural Impulse Refractory Period The time it takes for the positive ions to be pumped out.  Threshold  the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse  All or None Law : Neurons either fire or don’t. there is no half way. Like a gun, car, or toilet.  Excitatory signals : “Step on the Gas”  Inhibitory Signals: hit the “Brakes”

8. Transmission Between Neurons Synaptic vesicles Sacs in terminal button that release chemicals into synaptic space Neurotransmitters Chemicals released by synaptic vesicles Receptor sites Location on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitter Reuptake Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake

9. Synapse Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

10. Agonists

11. Antagonists

12. Neural Communication

13. The Nervous System

14. Nervous System: The bodies speedy, electrochemical communication network. Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the body to the CNS

15. Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System: Controls Voluntary Actions. (I volunteer “Somah” community is a better place. ) Autonomic Nervous System: Controls our glands and muscles of internal organs.. “My love, you Autonomically make my heart beat” Sympathetic Nervous System: arouses and expands energy. When I feel sympathy for someone, my heart beats for them. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Conserves energy and calms the body. ”I’m so calm I feel paralyzed.”

16. Endocrine System Endocrine System: the body’s “Slow” communication system. Hormones: Chemical messengers that travel through the body and brain and affect our behavior. Adrenal Glands: secrete hormones that arouse the body in times of stress. Pituitary Glands: Regulates growth and controls the other endocrine glands.

17. The Endocrine System  Endocrine System  the body’s “slow” chemical communication system  a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

18. Tools of Discovery: How do we study the brain? Early Methods Observation: Clinical Observations of patients revealed some brain- mind connections. For example: Damage To one side of brain caused paralysis on opposite side of body. back of brain disrupts vision. left front of brain causes speech difficulties. Modern Methods Modern methods record the brains electrical, metabolic, and magnetic signals using various techniques. Brain Lesion EEG CT Scan PET Scan MRI fMRI 18

19. 19 Brain Stem The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. Pons: is involved in motor control and sensory analysis... for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep.

20. 20 Brain Stem Pons and inside that the (Reticular Formation) is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis... for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep. The Reticular Formation controls: Attention Cardiac Reflexes Motor Functions Regulates Awareness Relays Nerve Signals to the Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex Sleep

21. 21 Brain Stem The Thalamus [THAL-uh- muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

22. 22 The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. Cerebellum

23. 23 The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The Limbic System

24. 24 Amygdala The Amygdala [ah-MIG- dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

25. 25 Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

26. 26 The Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

27. The Cerebral Cortex  Frontal Lobes  involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments  Parietal Lobes  include the sensory cortex  Occipital Lobes  include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field  Temporal Lobes  include the auditory areas

28. 28 F M S O P T

29. The Cerebral Cortex  Aphasia  impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)  Broca’s Area  an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech  Wernicke’s Area  an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression  zombie brains zombie brains

30. Split Brain Corpus Callosum the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them...\..\Myers Pwr Points 2013 edition\Myers AP - Unit 03B.ppt Split Brain a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them. 30

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33. Genes: Our Codes for Life Chromosome DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Genes Active (expressed) vs. inactive Genome

34. Twin and Adoption Studies Identical Versus Fraternal Twins Identical twins Fraternal twins

35. Twin and Adoption Studies Identical Versus Fraternal Twins

36. Heritability Heritability = the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.Heritability “difference among people”

37. Natural Selection and Adaptation Evolutionary psychology Natural selection Mutation Adaptation Fitness

38. Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities Behaviors that contribute to survival are found throughout cultures Ex : Our attraction to fatty and sweet foods Ex : Differing attitudes about sex between men and women

39. Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective Backward theorizing – Hindsight Bias Impact of social influence