1. What will happen if a person’s diet is not balanced???

2. H e a l t h p r o b l e m s Excess carbohydrates and lipids? Excess carbohydrates and lipids? Obesity Obesity Protein deficiency & lack of energy providing nutrients? Protein deficiency & lack of energy providing nutrients? Marasmus Marasmus High level of cholesterol? High level of cholesterol? Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus Increase amount of salts? Increase amount of salts? High blood pressure High blood pressure

3. Obesity   Marasmus

4. Kwashiorkor Insufficient protein

5. Why ? ? ? M a l n u t r I t I o n Unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are –> lacking -> in excess or -> wrong proportions

7. Malnutrition is……??? A condition caused by unbalanced diet Eating either too little or too much food (overnutrition) A diet missing in one or more important nutrients

8. The Effects of Malnutrition The diseases and symptoms caused by nutrient deficiency: Nutrient deficient Deficiency disease and symptoms ProteinKwashiorkor usually happens to children less than 5 years old. Victims suffer from lethargy (tiredness), oedema (swelling of legs due to water retention), diarrhoea and a swollen abdomen. their growth is stunted. Protein and energy Marasmus caused by severe protein and energy defiency marasmus child becomes skinny and stunted

9. Rickets soft bones that can be easily broken Dietary fibre causes constipation risks of intestine and colon cancers difficult to pass motion Water causes constipation osmotic pressure of internal environment increases difficult to pass motion cells dehydrate; kidneys fail to function, leading to death Carbohy drate Results in the breakdown of body proteins to supply glucose and energy CalciumOsteoporosis causes the bones to become brittle, porous and crack easily. if not treated, bones will fracture easily, especially at the hips, backbone and wrists.

10. The effect of taking excess nutrient:

11. Nutrient taken excess Effect Carbohydrate causes overweight and obesity, which in turn may lead to hypertension, heart diseases, and diabetes causes dental caries Protein increases the risks of heart diseases leads to a loss of calcium very taxing on the kidneys during excretion increases water consumption needed to excrete nitrogenous wastes Lipid excess fat is stored in adipose tissue, causing obesity taking excess saturated fats (animal fat, diary products, and coconut oil) increases the blood cholesterol level cholesterol deposits on wall of blood vessel narrowing it, contributing to cardiovascular diseases fats also increase the risk of cancer growth Vitamin: A vitamin poisoning caused by taking too much vitamins, causing toxic symptoms birth defects liver problems bone mineral density reduces causing osteoporosis

12. B6 C D E K large doses may cause nerve problems large doses may cause diarrhoea and nausea vitamin D is fat-soluble and accumulates in the body, and overdoses are dangerous vitamin E is fat-soluble, so there is a risk of overdose large doses cause problems to red blood cells, and may cause brain damage to a baby’s brain Mineral salts: Sodium Potassium Iodine Iron mineral toxicity occurs when there is an overdose, causing negative effects to a person’s health causes hypertension leading to heart disease and stroke causes oedema (excess water retention in body tissues) overdose is highly toxic, disturbing heart rate and may cause death disrupt the production of thyroxine, reducing its level in blood circulation, causing goitre causes vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pains, cramps and death

13. Calcium Zinc Water causes calcium phosphate salt to deposit in soft tissues of the body causes disruption to the heart causes poisoning symptoms causes water toxicity or water intoxication rarely, but possible to happen happens when there is too much intake of water, coupled by the inability of the kidneys to excrete excess water the symptoms are confusion, cramps and in extreme cases leads to death

14. Dietary Health Problem Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular system- made up of the heart, blood vessels and the blood A collection of diseases and conditions affecting: - heart (cardio) - blood vessels (vascular) – arteries, veins and capillaries Cardiovascular conditions: -Coronary artery disease: disease of arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood -heart attack: a sudden heart failure or the stopping of normal heart function -heart failure: heart cannot pump enough blood to the tissues and organs of the body -arteriosclerosis: process of thickening and hardening artery walls caused by deposits of cholesterol and calcium -stroke: sudden death of brain cells when blood supply to the blood cells is cut off -high blood pressure: excessive force of blood pumping through blood vessels

15. Risks factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease Ways to reduce the chance of contracting cardiovascular disease Smoking High blood pressure High cholesterol Physical inactivity Obesity Diabetes mellitus Stop smoking Reduce high blood pressure Reduce the intake of cholesterol by following a diet that is low in saturated fats Exercise daily Reduce the intake of high energy foods (carbohydrates and lipids) Control the intake of sugar (diabetic patients needs insulin treatment)

16. Reducing the Effects of Health Problems Health problems/disease caused by malnutrition High blood pressure Diabetes mellitusOsteoporosis

17. Reducing the Risk of High Blood pressure Blood pressure – measures the forces applied against the arterial wall as the heart pumps blood through the body. Expressed as: (systolic/diastolic mm Hg). Blood pressure – measures the forces applied against the arterial wall as the heart pumps blood through the body. Expressed as: (systolic/diastolic mm Hg). Systolic pressure – the pressure on the arteries as the heart contract and pumps blood into the arteries. Systolic pressure – the pressure on the arteries as the heart contract and pumps blood into the arteries. Diastolic pressure – the pressure on the arteries as the heart relaxes after the contraction. Diastolic pressure – the pressure on the arteries as the heart relaxes after the contraction. Normal blood pressure for adults – 120/80 mm Hg, meaning that the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg, while the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg. Normal blood pressure for adults – 120/80 mm Hg, meaning that the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg, while the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg. High blood pressure or hypertension - happens when blood pressure remains abnormally high at 140/90 mm Hg or greater. High blood pressure or hypertension - happens when blood pressure remains abnormally high at 140/90 mm Hg or greater.

18. Approaches to reduce the chance of getting high blood pressure Changing lifestyle: Reduce sodium intake – reducing salt has a significant effect on lowering the blood pressure. Eat less processed meat product (contain high levels of sodium) Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Eat only fat-free and low-fat dairy products. Eat less red meat (contain large amounts of saturated fats. Avoid alcohol (raises the blood pressure) Reduce weight – blood pressure often drops by losing weight. Avoid smoking as nicotine in cigarettes and tobacco causes blood vessels to constrict and the heart to beat faster, thus raising blood pressure. Through medication: There are many different types of medicines called anti-hypersensitive drugs that can be used to treat high blood pressure.

19. Reducing the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus  High level of sugar in the blood (used in cell respiration to produce energy), can seriously affect other body system.  Insulin – a hormone made by pancreas to regulate the amount of glucose in blood. It lowers and maintains the blood glucose level within a tolerable range.  Diabetes Mellitus suffered by anyone when body: >> does not make enough insulin >> does not make enough insulin >> is not able to use the insulin being made by body >> is not able to use the insulin being made by body  When excess glucose is not effectively removed, it causes hyperglycemia (high blood glucose level) leading to spillage of glucose into urine.  Diabetes mellitus can lead to: >> blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage >> blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage >> hardening and narrowing of the arteries (arteriosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart diseases and so on.

20. Ways to reduce risks of diabetes mellitus Through medication Changing lifestyle Oral medicine can be taken to stimulate the pancreas to secrete additional insulin, if pancreas does not make enough insulin Some patients require insulin injection Physical exercise – helps muscle to increase glucose utilisation, lowers the blood glucose level Take more dietary fibre- helps To control the blood sugar (slowing The absorption of carbohydrates Avoid taking too much sugars Avoid smoking

21. CONCLUSION

22. a) Malnutrition is caused by a diet lacking in one or more nutrients, which can be caused by fasting or overnutrition. b) Malnutrition causes deficiency disease, while overnutrition has its negative effect, too.

23. Negative effect causes by deficiency food

24.  Many risk factors of cardiovascular disease, and ways of reducing these risk.  Risk of contracting hypertension diabetes, and osteoporosis can be reduces by changing one’s lifestyle, or treated through medication.