1. GERMANY & THE RISE OF NAZISM, 1919-39

2. CRITICAL TERMS PAUL von HINDENBURG ADOLF HITLER HEINRICH HIMMLER HERMANN GOERING JOSEPH GOEBBELS ERNST ROHM RUDOLF HESS JOACHIM von RIBBENTROPP STURMABTEILUNG (SA) FREIKORPS SCHUTZSTAFFEL (SS) THE BEER HALL PUTSCH MEIN KAMPF “LEBENSRAUM”

3. GROWTH OF NAZI PARTY TIMELINE 1919: TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPOSES HARSH TERMS ON GERMANY ADOLF HITLER SETTLES IN MUNICH – JOINS NSDAP(i.e. The Nazi Party) 1920: NAZI PARTY GROWS TO 3000 MEMBERS HITLER BECOMES LEADER OF PARTY 1923: HITLER LEADS THE “BEER HALL PUTSCH” HITLER SENTENCED TO PRISON 1925: MEIN KAMPF PUBLISHED MEMBERSHIP RISES TO 27,000 1929: NAZI MEMBERSHIP REACHES 108,000 GREAT DEPRESSION DEVASTATES GERMAN ECONOMY 1932: HITLER RUNS FOR PRESIDENT, LOSES, BUT GETS 37% OF VOTE 1933: JANUARY: HITLER NAMED CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY FEBRUARY: THE REICHSTAG FIRE THE REISCHSTAG FIRE DECREE PASSED – CIVIL LIBERTIES SUSPENDED IN GERMANY THE ENABLING ACT PASSED – HITLER NOW HAS RIGHT TO “RULE BY DECREE” 1934: PRESIDENT HINDENBURG DIES – HITLER BECOMES “FUHRER” NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES 1936: GERMANY REOCCUPIES THE RHINELAND

4. BASIC GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE: WEIMAR REPUBLIC, GERMANY, 1919 – 1933 WEIMAR REPUBLIC THE REICHSTAG PRESIDENT HIGH COURT CHANCELLOR

5. NAZI SEIZURE OF POWER, 1933-34 1933 JANUARY: HITLER NAMED CHANCELLOR FEBRUARY: THE REICHSTAG FIRE 1933 REICHSTAG FIRE DECREE IS PASSED THE ENABLING ACT IS PASSED 1934 PRESIDENT HINDENBURG DIES HITLER BECOMES “FUHRER”

6. NAZI ORIGINS 1918-19: NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY (NSDAP) – “NAZI” FORMED WHERE? BAVARIA (S. GERMANY), CITY OF MUNICH IS FOCUS WHO? DISPLACED / DISGRUNTLED WAR VETERANS – “FRONTKAMPFER” FORMER FREIKORPS MEN POOR, DISPLACED, UNEMPLOYED WORKERS TRAITS: MILITARY – STYLE ORGANIZATION (UNIFORMS {KHAKI SHIRTS, BOOTS, etc.}, PARADES, ETC.) ABSOLUTE LOYALTY TO THE PARTY AND NATION WAS SUPREME HIGHLY RACIST, esp. ANTI-SEMITIC RACIAL IDEOLOGY EMPHASIZED SUPREMACY OF THE “ARYAN” RACE POLITICAL IDEAS: “STABBED-IN-THE-BACK THEORY”: GERMANY HAD BEEN BETRAYED BY A CONSPIRACY OF JEWS & COMMUNISTS @ END OF WWI GERMANY HAD TO REGAIN IT’S HONOR HOW?: ERADICATING / IGONORING THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES TERRITORIAL EXPANSION INTO NATIONS - LANDS WHERE GERMANY COULD FIND THE RESOURCES IT NEEDED TO BECOME GREAT AGAIN ELIMINATING / ENSLAVING THOSE RACES INFERIOR TO THE GERMANS

7. NAZI RISE TO POWER: KEY INGREDIENTS RACISM LEBENSRAUM NEEDED RESENTMENT TO VERSAILLES ECONOMIC DISLOCATION MEDIA & PROPAGANDA

8. NAZI PARTY BASIC BELIEFS & PRINCIPLES

9. NAZI IDEOLOGY: BASIC CONCEPTS IDEADEFINITION/EXPLANATION 1. ERADICATION OF THE VERSAILLES TREATY 2. UNITY OF ALL GERMANS 3. AUTARKY 4. LEBENSRAUM 5.SOCIAL DARWINISM 6.JEWISH/COMMUNIST THREAT 7.THE FUHRER CONCEPT

10. NAZI PROPAGANDA – KEY ELEMENTS HOW DID THE NAZI PARTY CONVERT GERMANS TO THEIR IDEAS IN THE 1920’s/1930’s? PUBLIC GATHERINGS/RALLIES PUBLIC DISPLAYS: POSTERS, STATUES SIMPLE IDEAS & SLOGANS FEAR/THREAT OF VIOLENCE MASS MEDIA: RADIO, FILM, PRINT MEDIA

11. “EIN VOLK, EIN LAND, EIN FUHRER!!!” Translation: “One People, One Nation, One Leader”

12. ADOLF HITLER, SPEECH “PRACTICE PHOTOS”

13. ADOLF HITLER, SPEECH PRACTICE PHOTO

15. NAZI RALLY – NUREMBERG, 1934

17. NAZI RALLY, NUREMBURG, 1938 (R) SIDEWALK IMAGE, BERLIN, 1936 (BELOW)

19. Nazi Propaganda Poster, 1930’s: “The NSDAP secures the community.”

20. “Youth serves the Fuhrer.”

21. ADOLF HITLER PORTRAYED AS THE GERMANIC MESSIAH

22. HITLER YOUTH, NUREMBERG, 1938

23. LEAGUE OF GERMAN GIRLS CHAPTER, 1937

24. “60,000 Reich Marks: That is what this person suffering from hereditary defects costs the German Community during his lifetime. Fellow citizen – that is your money, too.” A NEW PEOPLE, OFFICIAL NSDAP MAGAZINE

28. JOSEPH GOEBBELS, NAZI MINISTER OF PROPAGANDA

30. GERMAN-AMERICAN BUND RALLY PROPAGANDA POSTER, FEBRUARY, 1939

31. GERMAN-AMERICAN “BUND” RALLY, MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, NYC, 1939

33. POWER STRUCTURE, NAZI GERMANY ADOLF HITLER GERMAN MILITARY NAZI PARTY S.S. and STATE SECURITY AGENCIES NAZI PARTY LEADERSHIP

34. Adolf Hitler, Fuhrer of Germany

35. ADOLF HITLER

38. THE GERMAN MILITARY STRUCTURE GERMAN MILITARY: THE “WERMACHT” COMPONENTS: “HEER”: GERMAN ARMY (INFANTRY, ARMOR, ARTILLERY, etc.) “LUFTWAFFE”: GERMAN AIR FORCE (including airborne /paratrooper units) “WAFFEN – SS”: SS COMBAT UNITS (infantry, armor, military police) – SERVED IN COMBAT ALONG W/ ARMY “KRIEGSMARINE”: GERMAN NAVY POINTS OF NOTE: THERE IS NO “MARINE” TYPE OF ORGANIZATION IN THE GERMAN MILITARY STRUCTURE, UNLIKE THE U.S. (USMC) OR THE U.K. (ROYAL MARINES) ALL “AIRBORNE” (PARATROOPER) UNITS IN THE WERMACHT WERE PART OF THE LUFTWAFFE, NOT THE GERMAN ARMY. THIS IS DISTINCTIVE FROM MANY NATIONS (U.S., U.K., RUSSIA, etc.) WHERE AIRBORNE UNITS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS A DIVISION OF THE ARMY

39. WWII GERMAN WERMACHT STRUCTURE LUFTWAFFEKRIEGSMARINE HEERWAFFEN-SS

40. S.S. GROUPINGS & STRUCTURE Heinrich Himmler Concentration Camp Guards Waffen-SS Einsatzgruppen (Killing Units) Hitler’s Bodyguard

41. UNIQUE GERMAN MILITARY TERMS “SCHWERPUNKT” – Focus of an attack BATTLEFIELD STRATEGY DEVELOPED BY GERMANY IN THE LATE 1930’s A COMBINED-ARMS METHOD OF WARFARE EMPLOYING A COMBINATION OF THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS: ARMOR AIR POWER AIRBORNE UNITS INFANTRY MOBILITY & ASSAULT ARTILLERY BASED ON THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES NEUTRALIZING ENEMY AIR POWER AT THE OUTSET OF ANY CAMPAIGN USE OF AIRBORNE ELEMENTS TO DISRUPT ENEMEY COMMUNICATIONS & RESERVE SUPPORT SIMULTANEOUS USE OF INFANTRY ASSAULT, TANK (PANZER) ASSAULT & ARTILLERY SUPPORT TO NEUTRALIZE ENEMY’S MOBILITY ARMORED THRUST (“PUNCH”)THROUGH ENEMY LINES TO PENETRATE INTO ENEMY RESERVE AREAS ULITMATE GOAL: ENCIRCLEMENT OF ENEMY UNITS, DESTRUCTION OF UNITS, AND BREAKOUT INTO OPEN COUNTRYSIDE ARMOR, INFANTRY MOBILITY CAN THEN BE USED TO DISRUPT ENEMY’S ABILITY TO RECOVER CALLED “BLITZKRIEG” (translation = “LIGHTNING WAR “)BY ENGLISH & WESTERN MEDIA

42. GENERAL HEINZ GUDERIAN, GERMAN ARMY; Considered the author / creator of Blitzkrieg warfare

43. Basic Blitzkrieg Battle Sequence

44. BLITZKRIEG: noun : war conducted with great speed and force; specifically: a violent surprise offensive by massed air forces and mechanized ground forces in close coordination Definition from Merriam-Webster Dictionary

45. SCHWERPUNKT MEANING: noun: The point of focus; an area of concentrated effort, especially in a military operation. ETYMOLOGY: From German “Schwerpunkt”(center of gravity, focal point), from “schwer” (weighty) + “punkt” (point)

47. THE INVASION OF POLAND When? September 1, 1939 Causes: German-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) allowed Germans to invade from the West Soviets invade from East on Sept. 17 th Hitler’s belief in need for German “Lebensraum” Hitler’s racial theory: Poles were Slavic people, therefore they were target for enslavement or extermination Poland had large Jewish population – they would be targeted for extermination The “Polish Corridor” issue (See map) Polish Corridor problem tied to Hitler’s belief in unification of all German people (like the Sudetenland) Long-range goal: Poland would provide preparation area for eventual invasion of Russia Non-aggression treaty would lull Stalin into believing Soviet borders were secure

49. INVASION OF POLAND (cont’d.) DATES: Sept. 1, 1939 – Oct. 1, 1939 TRIATS: Germans use “Blitzkrieg” tactics to overwhelm the Poles Polish forces are obsolete and planning on a defensive strategy Poles do not anticipate fighting a two-front war (never anticipated Russian invasion from East) WHY ARE GERMANS SUCCESSFUL? Poles have no adequate forces in the following areas: Aircraft (WWI-style planes) Armor – German Panzer units are more advanced / modern Inexperience: Poles are less battle-tested than German troops Geography: Polish terrain is ideal for Blitzkrieg tactics (flat land, few major cities) Russian invasion ruins Polish defense plans Poles trust alliance guarantees from French and British -Expect Western allies will attack Germans and force Germany into two-front war RESULTS: Poland ceases to exist as sovereign nation Poland divided between Germany and Soviet Union German military gains valuable combat experience “Blitzkrieg” continues to improve – Germans learn lessons Germans are better prepared for 1940 attack on France Surviving Polish forces flee to Britain – Polish Government-in-Exile is formed Polish military / air units formed as part of British military OTHER ISSUES: The Holocaust begins in full-force

50. INVASION OF POLAND, SEPTEMBER, 1939

53. GERMAN ARMORED UNITS AND COMMAND VEHICLES

54. German Army units crossing the Polish border, 9/1/39

55. Hitler & German troops, Poland, 1939

56. German Infantry outside Warsaw

57. POLISH CAVALRY, 1939

58. GERMANS OUTSIDE WARSAW

59. GERMAN ARMY INFANTRY, 1939

61. VICTORY PARADE, WARSAW, 1939

62. Messerschmidt Me-109 Fighter(top) Heinkel He-111 Bomber (below)

63. GERMAN Me / Bf-109 Fighter

64. German He-111 “Heinkel” Bomber

65. “STUKA” DIVE BOMBER

66. GERMAN “STUKA” DIVE BOMBER

67. STUKA DIVE BOMBERS

68. German “Panzer” Variants

69. German Armored Personnel Carrier

71. WWII STANDARD GERMAN INFANTRY WEAPONS Top: Kar98 Mauser Rifle Bottom: MP40 Machine Pistol

73. Top: MG42 Machine Gun Bottom: (R) Model 24 Grenade; (L) Luger P08 Pistol

74. WWII GERMAN “STAHLHELM” WITH REGULAR ARMY INSIGNIA

75. Waffen-SS “Panzergrenadier” with standard combat equipment

77. WAFFEN-SS MG42 MACHINE GUN CREW

78. GERMAN PANZERGRENADIERS AND ARMOR ADVANCE TO ASSAULT POSITIONS

79. WAFFEN –SS GRENADIERS

80. THE PHONY WAR, 1939-40 When? October, 1939 – May, 1940 Where? Western Europe, specifically France-Germany border areas What ? Period of little, or no, military activity / action between Germans and Western allies (French, British, Dutch, etc.) Sporadic military “probing” maneuvers on the border while Germans transfer forces from the East to West German build-up of forces in West is rapid Some limited air action Symbol of the period: France’s MAGINOT LINE (define) Result? Germans have time to adequately plan for invasion of France French led to believe that the Maginot Line will deter Germans from an invasion Called the “Maginot Mentality” – Misguided belief that fixed fortifications could discourage, and prevent, a successful invasion British grow less confident in French military competence

82. Underground Rail System inside the Maginot Line

84. 1940 Invasion of France and The Low Countries

85. THE INVASION OF FRANCE WHEN? May - June, 1940 WHERE? FRANCE, BELGIUM, HOLLAND (The Netherlands) WHO? AXIS: GERMANY, ITALY ALLIES: FRANCE, U.K, CANADA, BELGIUM, HOLLAND, etc. OPPOSING FORCES: AXIS: 141 WERMACHT DIVISIONS 3,350,000 TROOPS 2,445 TANKS 5,638 AIRCRAFT 7,378 ARTILLERY ALLIES: 144 DIVISIONS 3,300,000 TROOPS 3,384 TANKS 2,935 AIRCRAFT 13,974 GUNS CASUALTIES: AXIS: 49,000 KIA, 110,034 WIA ALLIES: 360,000 KIA & WIA; 1.9 MILLION CAPTURED

86. RESULTS REMAINDER OF FRENCH & BRIT. ARMIES ARE SURROUNDED & EVACUATED FROM DUNKIRK FRANCE & LOW COUNTRIES NOW PART OF NAZI EMPIRE FRANCE DIVIDED INTO TWO PRIMARY OCCUPATION ZONES: NORTHERN FRANCE: GERMAN ZONE SOUTHERN FRANCE: “VICHY” FRANCE w/ PUPPET GOV’T. SET IN VICHY FRANCE GERMANS NOW HAVE GOOD STAGING GROUND FOR POSSIBLE INVASION OF BRITAIN BRITAIN IS ISOLATED FROM THE REST OF EUROPE HITLER CAN NOW CONCENTRATE HIS FORCES TO THE EAST FOR PLANNED RUSSIAN INVASION

87. BRITISH ARMY “MATILDA” TANK

88. FRENCH ARMY “SOUMA” TANK

89. GERMAN ARMY “MARK IV” TANK

90. GERMAN INFANTRY WITH FRENCH PRISONERS

92. Plan of Fort Eben Emael, Belgium (top view)

94. EBEN EMAEL FROM EAST BANK OF ALBERT CANAL

96. GERMAN LUFTWAFFE RECRUITING POSTERS

98. GERMAN FALLSCHIRMJAGER GLIDER

99. LUFTWAFFE GLIDER DURING TRAINING MANEUVERS

100. GERMAN PARAS DURING TRAINING MANEUVERS

101. JUNKERS Ju-52 TRANSPORT PLANE

102. JUNKERS Ju-52 TRANSPORT

103. GERMAN PARATROOPERS CELEBRATE THE FALL OF EBEN EMAEL, 1940

104. HITLER CONGRATULATES FALLSCHIRMJAGR AT EBEN EMAEL

108. EVACUATION FROM DUNKIRK

109. ALLIED TROOPS BEING EVACUATED FROM DUNKIRK

110. DUNKIRK EVACUATION

113. GERMAN TROOPS MARCH PAST THE ARC de TRIOMPHE, PARIS, JUNE, 1940

115. HITLER AND STAFF OFFICERS IN FRONT OF THE EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE, JUNE, 1940

116. THE GREAT WALL OF FRANCE

117. WHO WOULD YOU RATHER FIGHT?