1. Atoms and the Periodic Table
Chapter 4

2. Families of Elements
Section 3

3. Organization of the Periodic Table
The Periodic table groups similar elements together to make it easier to predict the properties of an element based on its location.
How is the Periodic Table organized?
Based on the number of protons, or atomic number, an element has in the nucleus of an atom.

4. Organization of the Periodic Table
Periodic Law
States that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements.
Periods
Horizontal rows of elements in the Periodic Table.
Groups
Vertical columns of elements in the Periodic Table.

5. How Are Elements Classified?
Figure 22 B, Page 120

6. How Are Elements Classified?
Metals
An element that is lustrous, ductile, malleable and conducts heat and electricity well. Lose electrons to form cations.
Nonmetals
An element that conducts heat and electricity poorly.
Can be solids, liquids or gases. Solids are typically dull and brittle. Gain electrons to form anions.
Metalloids
An element or compound that conducts electric current better than an insulator but not as well as a conduct does.

7. Metals Alkali metals Why do these metals react so violently?
The elements in Group 1 on the Periodic Table.
Soft and shiny
React violently with water.
Why do these metals react so violently?

8. Metals Alkaline-earth Group 2 elements on the Periodic Table.
Still react with water, but not violently.
Calcium compounds
Used for construction
“skeletons” of animals
Strength for teeth and bones.

9. Metals Transition Metals Actinides and Lanthanides
Elements from groups 3-12 of the Periodic Table.
Actinides and Lanthanides
Located below the Periodic Table
Lanthanides are also considered Rare Earth Metals, along with scandium and yttrium.
Essential to medical diagnosis equipment and almost all military systems. Critical components for modern electronic technologies.

10. Metals All metals conduct heat and electricity.
They are all ductile, malleable and lustrous.
Most metals can be stretched and shaped into flat sheets or pulled into wires.
Radioactive
The nuclei of the atoms are continually decaying to produce different elements.
Elements with atomic number greater than 92 are man-made, and from 84 and greater are radioactive.

11. Nonmetals
Carbon
Graphite, pencil lead
Diamonds
Sugar, or glucose
Chlorophyll
Fullerenes
Oxygen and Nitrogen are the most plentiful gases in the air we breathe.

12. Nonmetals Halogens Chlorine protects you from harmful bacteria.
Group 17 on the Periodic Table.
Chlorine protects you from harmful bacteria.
In gas form, it is a poisonous yellowish green gas that consists of two chlorine atoms bonded together, Cl2.
Fluorine is a poisonous yellowish gas.
Bromine is a dark red liquid.
Iodine is a dark purple solid.

13. Nonmetals Diatomic Gases There are 7 diatomic atoms:
Made up of two atoms
There are 7 diatomic atoms:
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine.
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2

14. How Are Elements Classified?
Figure 22 B, Page 120

15. Nonmetals Noble Gases Group 18 on the Periodic Table.
The gases are inert.
Found as single atoms in nature, not molecules.

16. Nonmetals Figure 31, Page 127 Metalloids
An element or compound that conducts electric current better than an insulator but not as well as a conductor.
Nonmetals that have some properties of metals.
Found along the stair- step line.
7 metalloids:
Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, and Polonium.
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po
Figure 31, Page 127

17. Nonmetals - Metalloids
Boron
Extremely hard, added to steel to increase hardness and strength at high temperatures.
Often used for heat-resistant glass.
Arsenic
Shiny solid that tarnishes when exposed to air.
Antimony
Bluish white brittle solid that shines like a metal.
Found in fire retardants.
Tellurium
Is a silvery white solid whose ability to conduct increases slightly with exposure to light.

18. Nonmetals - Metalloids
Silicon
Accounts for 28% of the mass of the Earth’s crust.
Sand, silicon dioxide: SiO2.
Computer chips, transistors, LED display screens, and solar cells.
Impurities increase ability to conduct electricity.

19. A Guided Tour of the Periodic Table
Section 2

20. Some Atoms Form Ions Ionization
An atom gains or loses valence electrons in order to have a full outermost ‘s’ and/or ‘p’ orbital.
When atoms gain or lose electrons, the atom is no longer neutral.
Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained one or more electrons, has a negative or positive charge.

21. Some Atoms Form Ions Cation Anion
Positively charged ion that has lost an electron.
All metals are cations.
Anion
Negatively charged ion that has gained an electron.
All nonmetals are anions.

22. How Do the Structures of Atoms Differ?
Atomic number, Z
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
The atomic number never changes for a given element.
Mass number, A
the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

23. How Do the Structures of Atoms Differ?
Isotope
An atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element do but has a different number of neutrons.
Hyphen notation
The name of the element, hyphen, and then the mass number of the isotope.

24. How Do the Structures of Atoms Differ?
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Protium-1
Deuterium-2
Tritium-3
Isotope
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
Protium 1
Deuterium 2
Tritium 3

25. How Do the Structures of Atoms Differ?
Finding the number of Neutrons:
Mass Number – Atomic Number = Number of Neutrons
Example: Oxygen-18

26. How Do the Structures of Atoms Differ?
Average Atomic Mass
The weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
Using average atomic mass, round to nearest whole number to find the mass number.
Atomic Mass unit (amu)
A unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom.

27. Atomic Structure
Section 1

28. What are Atoms? What are atoms? Who was Democritus?
Tiny particles that determine the properties of all matter.
Translates to “unable to be divided”.
The smallest part of an element that maintains that element’s properties.
Who was Democritus?
A Greek philosopher who believed the movements of atoms caused the changes in matter that he saw.

29. What are Atoms? John Dalton Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
An English school teacher who developed his own atomic theory that formed the foundation for the modern atomic theory.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
Atoms of different elements can join to form compounds.
All atoms of a given element are exactly alike.
Atoms cannot be divided.
Are the last two assumptions true?

30. What’s in an Atom? Table 1, Page 106
Atoms can actually be divided into smaller particles. What are the particles?
Proton- subatomic particle that has a positive charge, found in the nucleus.
Neutron- subatomic particle that has no charge, found in the nucleus.
Electron- subatomic particle that has a negative charge, found outside the nucleus in the electron cloud.
Electrons are about times smaller than a proton and a neutron.
Table 1, Page 106

31. What’s in an Atom?
Nucleus- center of an atom where the protons and neutrons reside.
Electron cloud- the area where the electrons orbit around the nucleus of an atom.
Do atoms have a charge?

32. Models of the Atom
Models have been adapted as new information has been discovered.
Niels Bohr suggested that:
Electrons move in set paths around the nucleus.
Each electron has a certain energy, and the path defines the electrons energy level.

33. Models of the Atom
How can electrons move from one energy level to another?
Absorption-
the take in of energy.
Emission-
the release of energy.
Figure 5, Page 107

34. Models of the Atom
Bohr’s model no longer explains electrons behavior, but helps in understanding energy levels.
Do not orbit in definite paths.
In the current model of the atom, electrons move like waves.

35. Models of the Atom Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Cannot predict where an electron is located and the speed at the same time.
We can calculate the chance of finding an electron at a certain location.

36. Models of the Atom
Each energy level can have a certain number of electrons.
Can determine energy level by a simple equation: 2n2.
In each energy level, there are certain “orbitals” that the electrons can be found in.
Figure 7, Page 108

37. Models of the Atom Valence electrons-
Electron(s) that are found in the outermost shell of an atom.
Valence electrons determine the atom’s chemical properties and its ability to form bonds.
How many valence electrons can an atom have?
How can we determine valence electrons in an atom?

38. Models of the Atom Orbitals- There are four different orbitals.
The regions in an atom where electrons are going to be found 90% of the time.
There are four different orbitals.
S, p, d, and f
Each orbital can be occupied by a total of two electrons.

39. Models of the Atom The ‘s’ orbital The lowest energy occupied orbital.
There is only one orbital for ‘s’.
Spherically shaped.
Figure 8, Page 109

40. Models of the Atom The ‘p’ orbital There are three orbitals for ‘p’.
The ‘p’ orbital can have a total of 6 electrons.
This orbital has a dumbbell shape.
Figure 9, Page 109

41. Models of the Atom
The ‘d’ and ‘f’ orbitals are more complex than ‘s’ and ‘p’.
The ‘d’ orbital has 5 orbitals and can hold a total of10 electrons.
The ‘f’ orbital has 7 orbitals and can hold a total of 14 electrons.

42. Location of the orbitals

43. Models of the Atom Electron configurations-
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals.
‘d’ orbitals have a lower coefficient than ‘s’ and ‘p’ when written.
How do we write them?

44. Models of the Atom Noble Gas Configuration
The short hand way of writing electron configurations.
Take the noble gas that comes before the element that the configuration is being written for.
Put the noble gas in brackets [ ].
Write the rest of the configuration like normal.