1. Living Things
Chapter 2

2. What is Life? Characteristics of living things _____________
_______________
______________
________________________
________________
___________
Cells
Contain Chemicals
Use Energy
Respond to their Surroundings
Grow and develop
Reproduce

3. Cellular Organization
Cells -
basic unit of structure and function in an organism – microscopic Single celled (bacteria) Many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks Example: muscle and nerve cells perform certain tasks in the body to help us move and feel.
Unicellular -
Multicellular-

4. Chemicals of life Most abundant chemical in cells is__________
____________ are a cell’s main energy source
_______________ are the building blocks of cells.
___________carry the genetic material, chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities.
water.
Carbohydrates
Proteins and Lipids
Nucleic Acids

5. Energy Use and Response
All cells use ___________to do work such as repair injuries and move chemicals throughout the body
_____________________ – reactions to changes in the environment. Example: plant bends toward the light, remove hand from a hot stove.
________- change in an organisms surroundings that causes a reaction
___________- an action or change in behavior
Energy
Response to Surroundings
Stimulus
Response

6. Growth, Development, and Reproduction
______-the process of becoming larger.
____________- process of change that occurs to make organisms more complex.
_________________- produce offspring that are similar to the parents – not exact!
_________________- living things cannot arise from non-living things through
___________________ - a mistaken idea that living things can arise from non-living things
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Life Comes From Life
Spontaneous generation

7. Redi Redi’s Experiment disprove Manipulated Variable Conclusion
____________________-helped to _________ spontaneous generation.
Controlled experiment to show that flies do not arise from decaying meat
_____________________(Independent Variable) was whether or not the jars were covered to allow the flies to get to the meat inside.
Flies were able to enter the uncovered jars and lay eggs.
The eggs hatched into maggots which developed into flies.
No flies were able to enter the covered jar – no maggots were formed
____________ rotting meat does not produce flies!
disprove
Manipulated Variable
Conclusion

8. Pasteur
___________-credited with disproving the theory of spontaneous generation through his experiment with bacteria and broth.
______________________-
Clear broth into two flasks with curved necks. The necks let oxygen into the broth but were to keep bacteria out.
Boiled broth in one flask but not the other
Unboiled broth became cloudy showing that new bacteria were growing . Boiled broth remained clear.
_________________– new bacteria only arise from living bacteria that were already present in the unboiled broth.
Louis Pasteur
Broth Experiment
Conclusion

9. Needs of Living Things
__________ - all living things need water to survive. Water is used for breaking down food, growth, transport of nutrients, and reproduction.
____-source of energy to live.
________________________ – make their own food. Example: plants capture suns energy and make their own food – this process is called ________________.
__________________________ – obtain energy by feeding on others. Example: animals, mushrooms, and slime molds.
Water
Food
Autotrophs (self-feeder)
Photosynthesis
Heterotrophs (other-feeder)

10. Needs of Living Things Continued
Living Space
______________-a place to get food, water, and find shelter. The surroundings must provide what the organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce. This sometimes leads to ___________ because space is limited on Earth and there are many living things competing for the same space.
___________________________ -conditions inside of an organisms body must remain stable even when conditions outside of the body change dramatically.
-___________________-maintenance of stable internal conditions
competition
Stable internal Living Conditions
Homeostasis

11. Microscope Lab

12. Please Pass the Bread Lab
What factors are necessary for bread molds to grow?
Predict what factors might affect the growth of bread mold
Conduct the experiment – what are the variables?
Collect data through observations recorded on a data table
Analyze and conclude the results
Communicate through a written lab report
Design another experiment based on results

13. Chapter 2-2: Classifying Organisms
I. Why Do Scientists Classify? A. Classification is the process B. Biologists use classification C. The scientific study 1. Taxonomy is useful
Of grouping things based on their similarities
To organize living things into groups so that organisms are easier to study
Of how living things are classified is called taxonomy
Because once an organism is classified, a scientist knows a lot about the organism

14. II. The Naming System of Linnaeus
A. Taxonomy also involves B. In 1750, Carolus Linnaeus devised a system C. Linnaeus placed organisms D. Linnaeus gave each organism E. This naming system Linnaeus used
Naming organisms
Of naming organisms that is still used today
Into groups based on observable features
A unique, two part system
Is called binomial nomenclature

15. In an organisms scientific name is its genus
F. Genus and Species
1. The first word
2. A genus is a
3. A species is a
G. Using Binomial Nomenclature
1. A complete scientific name
2. Only the first letter
3. Scientific names contain
In an organisms scientific name is its genus
Classification grouping that contain similar, closely related organisms
Group of similar organisms that can mate with each other
Is written in italics
Of the first word is capitalized
Latin Words

16. III. Levels of Classification
A. Today’s classification system
B. the Major Levels of Classification
1. First, an organism
which in turn is divided
2. The more classification levels
Uses a series of many levels to classify organisms
Is placed in a broad group
Into more specific groups
That two organisms share, the more that they have in common

17. 3. Eight levels of Classification
a. Domain is the
b. Within a domain,
c. Within kingdoms,
d. Within phyla
e. Within classes
f. Within orders
g. Each family contains
h. Each genus contains
Highest level of organization
There are kingdoms
There are phyla
Are classes
Are orders
Are families
One or more genera
One or more species

18. IV. Domains and Kingdoms
Three domain system of classification is commonly used
A. Today, a B. The three domains are 1. __________________________ 2. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________ C. Organisms are placed _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies

19. Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
D. Bacteria 1. Members of the domain Bacteria are _______________________________________________________ 2. Prokaryotes are _______________________________________________________ a. A nucleus is a ______________________________________________________ the chemical instructions that _______________________________________________________ E. Archaea 1. Archaea can be found ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Are all around you
Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
Dense area within the cell that contains nucleic acids
Direct the cell’s activities
In some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including: hot springs, very salty water, swamps, and the intestines of cows

20. 1. Archaea are _______________________________________________________
2. Archaea are classified in their own domain, however, because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Domain Eukarya
A. Organisms in this domain are _____________________ - organisms with cells that _______________________________________________________
B. Scientists classify organisms _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unicellular prokaryotes
Their structure and chemical makeup differ from that of bacteria
eukaryotes
contain nuclei
In domain Eukarya into one of four kingdoms: protists, fungi, plants, or animals

21. C. Protists
1. A protist is any ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. Some protists are ______________________, while other protists are__________________________________________
b. Most protists are ___________________, but some ... are large___________________________________
Eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as a plant, animal, or fungus
Autotrophs (self-feeders)
Heterotrophs (“other feeders)
Unicellular
Multicellular organisms

22. D. Fungi 1. Most fungi are _______________________________________________________ 2. A few ... are _______________________________________________________ 3. All fungi are _______________________________________________________ 4. Most fungi feed by ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Plants 1. Plants are all _____________________________ and most live on _______________________________________________________ 2. Plants are ___________________ that make their own _________ 3. Plants provide ___________ for ____________________________
Multicellular eukaryotes
Unicellular eukaryotes
Are heterotrophs (other feeders)
Absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying matter
Multicellular eukaryotes
land
autotrophs
food
food
most heterotrophs on land

23. F. Animals 1. All animals are __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. In addition, all animals are ______________________________________
Multicellular eukaryotes
Heterotrophs