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2. Cells: The Basic Units of Life
Chapter 3
Cells: The Basic Units of Life
Section 1: The Diversity of Cells
Section 2: Eukaryotic Cells
Section 3: The Organization of Living Things
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3. The Diversity of Cells Bellringer Section 1
Why do you think cells weren’t discovered until 1665? What invention do you think made their discovery possible? Do you think people can ever see cells with the naked eye? Explain your answer.
Write your responses in your science journal.
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4. The Diversity of Cells Objectives Section 1
State the parts of the cell theory.
Explain why cells are so small.
Describe the parts of a cell.
Describe how eubacteria are different from archaebacteria.
Explain the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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5. Cells and the Cell Theory
Section 1
The Diversity of Cells
Cells and the Cell Theory
Finding Cells in Other Organisms In 1673, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch merchant, made his own microscopes. Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see bacteria. And he discovered that yeasts that make bread dough rise are single-celled organisms.
The Cell Theory All organisms are made of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of all living things. All cells come from existing cells.
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6. The Diversity of Cells Cell Size Section 1
A Few Large Cells Most cells are small. A few, however, are big. A chicken egg is one big cell.
Many Small Cells There is a physical reason why most cells are so small. Cells take in food and get rid of wastes through their outer surface. As a cell gets larger, it needs more food and produces more waste. Therefore, more materials pass through its outer surface. As the cell’s volume increases, its surface area grows too. Learn how to calculate a cells surface area-to-volume ratio in the next slide.
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7. Math Focus: Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
Section 1
Math Focus: Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
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8. The Diversity of Cells Parts of a Cell Section 1
The Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm The cell membrane is a protective layer that covers the cell’s surface and acts as a barrier. Inside the cell is a fluid called cytoplasm.
Organelles Organelles are structures that perform specific functions within the cell.
Genetic Material DNA is the genetic material that carries information needed to make new cells and new organisms.
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9. The Diversity of Cells Two Kinds of Cells Section 1
With or Without a Nucleus There are two basic types of cells— cells without a nucleus and cells with a nucleus.
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10. Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Section 1
The Diversity of Cells
Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Eubacteria The most common prokaryotes are eubacteria (or just bacteria). Bacteria are the world’s smallest cells.
Archaebacteria Three types of archaebacteria are heat-loving, salt-loving, and methane-making.
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11. Eukaryotic Cells and Eukaryotes
Section 1
The Diversity of Cells
Eukaryotic Cells and Eukaryotes
What Are Eukaryotes? Organisms made of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes.
The Cell Theory Eukaryotic cells are the largest cells. Unlike bacteria and archaebacteria, eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. You can see other parts of a typical eukaryotic cell on the next slide.
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12. A Typical Eurkaryotic Cell
Section 1
A Typical Eurkaryotic Cell
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13. Eukaryotic Cells Bellringer Section 2
List three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Draw two diagrams illustrating the differences.
Write your responses in your science journal.
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14. Eukaryotic Cells Objectives Section 2
Identify the different parts of a eukaryotic cell.
Explain the function of each part of a eukaryotic cell.
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15. Eukaryotic Cells Cell Wall Cell Membrane Section 2
Supportive Structure A cell wall is a rigid structure that gives support to a cell.
Cell Membrane
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Protective Barrier The cell membrane is a protective barrier that encloses a cell.
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16. Eukaryotic Cells Cytoskeleton Nucleus Section 2
Web of Proteins The cytoskeleton is a web of proteins in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus
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DNA Envelope The nucleus is a large organelle in a eukaryotic cell. It contains the cell’s DNA, or genetic material.
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17. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Section 2
Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
Making Proteins Organelles that make proteins are called are the smallest of all organelles.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Cell Factory The endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, is a system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made.
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18. Eukaryotic Cells Mitochondria Chloroplasts Section 2
Producing Energy A mitochondrion is the organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy.
Chloroplasts
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Photosynthesis Plants and algae have chloroplasts in some of their cells. Chloroplasts are organelles in plant and algae cells in which photosynthesis takes place.
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19. Eukaryotic Cells Golgi Complex Cell Compartments Section 2
Packaging Proteins The organelle that packages and distributes proteins is called the Golgi complex.
Cell Compartments
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Vesicles The bubble that forms from the Golgi complex’s membrane is a vesicle. A vesicle is a small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell.
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20. Eukaryotic Cells Cellular Digestion Section 2
Lysosomes Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
Vacuoles A vacuole is a large vesicle. In plant and fungal cells, some vacuoles act like large lysosomes.
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21. Organelles and Their Functions
Section 2
Organelles and Their Functions
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22. The Organization of Living Things
Section 3
The Organization of Living Things
Bellringer
Your room might be a mess, but your body is a very organized thing. Why can’t you use your teeth to breathe? Why can’t you use your arm muscles to digest food? What organs of your body serve more than one purpose? How are those functions related or not related?
Record your answers in your science journal.
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23. The Organization of Living Things
Section 3
The Organization of Living Things
Objectives
List three advantages of being multicellular.
Describe the four levels of organization in living things.
Explain the relationship between the structure and function of a part of an organism.
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24. The Organization of Living Things
Section 3
The Organization of Living Things
The Benefits of Being Multicellular
Larger with Longer Lives multicellular organisms are usually larger than single-celled organisms. Larger organisms are prey for fewer predators. The life span of a multicellular organism is not limited to the life span of any single cell. Specialization makes the organism more efficient.
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Cells Working Together
What Is a Tissue? A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job.
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25. The Organization of Living Things
Section 3
The Organization of Living Things
Tissues Working Together
What Is an Organ? A structure that is made up of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function is called an organ.
Organs Working Together group of organs working together to perform a particular function is called an organ system. See how an organ system is formed on the next slide.
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26. Section 3 Levels of Organization in the Cardiovascular System
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27. The Organization of Living Things
Section 3
The Organization of Living Things
Organisms
What Is an Organism? Anything that can perform life processes is an organism.
Structure and Function
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Close-Knit Relationship In organisms, structure and function are related. Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism. Function is the job the part does.
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28. Cells: The Basic Units of Life
Chapter 3
Cells: The Basic Units of Life
Concept Map
Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: prokaryotes, cells, do, do not, plants, eubacteria, humans, bacteria, eukaryotes.
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29. Chapter 3
Concept Map
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30. Chapter 3
Concept Map
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