1. Peacetime Adjustments
Chapter 28, Section #1

2. Adjusting to Peace Country adjusted back to peacetime Economy
Many factories closed down
Millions of veterans returned looking for work
Women laid off
Many women returned to “traditional” jobs

3. The Postwar Economy Veterans wanted to start families Spending Spree
Buy homes
Cars
Household products
Spending Spree
Prices went up
Housing shortage
Led to increase in manufacturing
Consumer products
Homes

4. Labor Unrest During war: No pay raises
After war: Rising prices = more pay
1946 = Lots of strikes
Railroads
Factories (steel, auto, electrical)
Meat markets
Truman threatened to draft all railroad employees.

5. Civil Rights African Americans Wanted recognition for war Instead:
Many fired
Threated for voting
Murdered
President Truman:
De-segregated the military in 1948
Tried to get federal gov’t to create civil- rights laws

6. The Cold War
Chapter 28, Section #1

7. Why would a war be called “cold”?
Cold War?
Why would a war be called “cold”?
What does temperature have to do with anything?

8. Cold War? No actual battle between the countries at war.
The Cold War was the period of hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union

9. What are some reasons for the USSR to dislike the US?
The US did not join WWI until after Russia had to quit.
The US did not join WWII until after USSR had lost millions of lives.

10. What are some reasons for the US to dislike the USSR?
The USSR signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler.
The USSR was communist.

11. Capitalism vs. Communism
Free elections
More than one political party
Industry/agriculture owned by individuals
Different social classes
Freedom of speech
One-party state
Industry/agriculture owned by the state
No different social classes
Government controls people’s lives
Strong censorship

12. Capitalism vs. Communism
You can create a business, make lots of money, and have more things than other people.
Some people get rich. It could be you!
No matter how hard your neighbor works, he will never make more money or have more things than you.
It’s not fair for some people to be wealthy, while others starve.

13. Communism vs. Capitalism
Question: Would you give points off your grade in this class to help a classmate that is failing? Would you do this if that student slept in class everyday?

14. Which country was communist?
Which countries were capitalist?
and many more.

16. Origins of the Cold War

17. Post WWII: Nuremburg Trials United Nations - 1945 Israel - 1948
Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes
Many committed suicide
Others were hung
United Nations
(League of Nations 2.0)
Purpose is to discuss and maintain peace
Israel
First Jewish state in 2,000 years

18. Origins of the Cold War After WWII:
Western Allies and Soviet Union = no trust
Disagreed on political future of Eastern Europe
Soviet troops occupied these countries
Stalin promised free elections, but feared anti-Soviet gov’t
The West thought Stalin wanted to spread communism

22. Containing Communism Truman Doctrine: NATO: Warsaw Pact: Iron Curtain:
“…An iron curtain has descended across the continent.”
- Winston Churchill
Truman Doctrine:
Strategy of containing or stopping the spread of communism.
America will aid those struggling to resist communism.
NATO:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Alliance of U.S., Canada, and Western European countries
Warsaw Pact:
Alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern European countries

23. Winston Churchill gave the Iron Curtain speech in 1946
Map of the Iron Curtain

24. NATO Treaty, 1949. Warsaw Pact, 1955.

25. Marshall Plan: 1947 Marshall Plan: Secretary of State George Marshall
To stop communism U.S. needed plan to repair Europe.
Counties in distress might fall to communism.
$20 billion dollars in aid given to western and southern Europe
Photo shows a delivery of wheat from the U.S. being unloaded in Rotterdam, Netherlands

27. Central Historical Question:
Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War: the United States or the Soviet Union?

28. Berlin Airlift: Berlin Airlift: 1948: Stalin wanted control of Berlin
Blocked access to city
Americans and British airlifted goods and supplies to Germans in West Berlin for a year
1949: Stalin called off blockade

29. Fear of Communism at Home
Americans: scared communism would spread at home
American Communist Party
Alger Hiss
Former State Dept.
Sentenced to 5 years in prison
Ethel And Julius Rosenberg
Communist Party
Executed for passing atomic information to Soviets
Alger Hiss
Ethel And Julius Rosenberg

30. Fear of Communism at Home (cont’d)
Loyalty Checks
Government employees
3,000 resigned
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee
1947: Began targeting actors, directors, and writers in entertainment industry
Blacklists: List of people thought to be communist
People put on blacklist had their careers ruined
Gary Cooper
Ronald Reagan
Walt Disney
Jackie Robinson

31. McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy Republican senator from Wisconsin 1950:
Declared he had a list of Communists in State Dept.
Hunt for communists wrecked careers
1954:
Senate hearings
Accused US Army of “coddling” communists
McCarthy was charged with improper conduct
McCarthyism: Reckless charges against innocent citizens.

32. Arms Race 1952 – Eisenhower elected President
Took a more aggressive stance toward communism
Wanted to build better weapons
H-Bomb (Hydrogen Bomb) 1952
3 years later Soviets had one
ICBMs
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
Soviets – 1957
U.S. – 1959
1961 – Tsar Bomba (King of the Bombs)
50 million tons of TNT
More powerful than all the bombs in WWII combined!

33. Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 Fidel Castro
Communist leader of Cuba since 1959
Depended on Soviet Union for support
Agreed to put Soviet missiles (ICBMs) in Cuba
U.S. U-2 spy plane took photos of missiles

34. Cuban Missile Crisis (cont’d)
President John F. Kennedy
Missiles in Cuba unacceptable (only 90 miles away!)
Decided to blockade Cuba with U.S. Navy
This led to showdown between U.S. and Soviet Union – the world was very nervous!
Ended up making a deal
Soviets would remove missiles if we remove ours from Turkey

35. Space Race

36. CIA vs. KGB
 KGB: Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности (Committee for State Security)
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
Mission of both groups was to gather intelligence from other countries
Often they would perform covert missions:
U-2 spy planes
Stealing nuclear information
Toppling or changing governments

37. 1950s Urban Expansion Many people moved to the suburbs
Minorities often stayed in urban areas
Low taxes led to urban decay
Immigration
Immigration expanded during WWII – Bracero Programs
Many stayed after programs ended
Taken advantage off

38. Changes in America s
End of WWII + Good economy = more people getting married
Baby Boom
Increase in birthrates from
Larger families – more moved to suburbs
Suburb results:
More car sales
More stores, movie theaters, shopping – less farmland
Many moved from North and East U.S. to the south and west (Route 66)

39. The American Dream? Life in the suburbs: Affordable
Single-family house
Good schools
Shopping
Safe for kids to grow up

40. The American Dream? (cont’d)
Many felt there was pressure to conform
Women were praised for being home-makers.
“keeper of the suburban dream”
Limited choices outside the home: nurses, teachers, office work.
Economy boomed:
Owning newest appliance or car became a status symbol

41. Pop Culture and Rock ‘n’ Roll
Hollywood: Westerns, musicals, romances popular
Movie attendance fell as more people owned TVs
Famous TV shows:
I Love Lucy
Father Knows Best
Mickey Mouse Club
The Lone Ranger
Howdy Doody Show
Rock ‘n’ Roll: Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Little Richard
Beatniks: Filled coffeehouses to talk about how “square” society was.