1. AGENDA NOV 10 Learning Objective: Describe the process in which a cell uses glucose to produce energy. 1. Chapter 8 TESTS ◦Grades are posted in Genesis ◦Test Format 2. Begin Chapter 9 3. Looking Ahead to Trimester 1 Exam ◦CHAPTER 9 TEST on MONDAY NOV 17

2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION CHAPTER 9

3. 9-1: Chemical Pathways Why do we break down glucose for energy? Glucose stores a lot of energy. Let’s Review….. What is ATP? 3811 calories of heat energy are produced per gram of glucose burned. 1 CALORIE = amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C.

4. Chemical energy and Food How is energy measured in food? Food labels display the number of Calories. These Calories (CAPITAL C) are actually kilocalories.

5. What is Glycolysis? Glycolysis - a series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions that change glucose into different molecules One molecule of glucose is broken in half producing two molecules of pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid is a 3-C compound

6. Releasing Energy in Food What does Glycolysis mean? “sugar breaking” Glyco = SugarLysis = Breaking down occurs in the cytoplasm and does not need oxygen Only releases a small amount of energy. How do cells produce the large amounts of energy we require for our everyday functions?

7. How do cells produce energy? GLYCOLYSIS + KREBS CYCLE + ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN = CELLULAR RESPIRATION What do we need? The Equation?

8. GLYCOLYSIS one molecule of glucose broken in half produces two molecules of pyruvic acid (PA) ◦How many Carbons are in Glucose? ◦How many Carbons are in one pyruvic acid? Why does the cell spend energy to begin glycolysis? To split the Glucose molecule. Spends 2 ATP Makes a TOTAL of 4 ATP  GAIN of 2 ATP

9. Glycolysis and NADH Production NAD+ is the electron carrier. ◦Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide What is the role of NAD+? HEe- are removed and passed to NAD+ 2 NAD+  2 NADH 4 ATP made 2 PA produced How much energy is being made?

10. HOMEWORK NOV 10 On a blank sheet of paper… Draw, Color, and Label ◦FIGURE 9-2 ◦FIGURE 9-3 ◦Diagrams must be colored or you will not receive full credit!

12. DO NOW Nov 11 SUMMARIZE the process of glycolysis. Do this in one or two sentences.

13. ANSWER A cell splits a molecule of glucose using 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid. In the cytoplasm

14. AGENDA NOV 11 Learning Objective: Investigate the two pathways available to pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis. 1. DO NOW 2. Complete 9-1 3. HOMEWORK CHECK 4. QUIZ TOMORROW ◦Glycolysis and Fermentation

15. Energy and Pyruvic Acid What is the role of NAD+ in the cell? NAD+ is required to continue Glycolysis. Limited in the cell Quickly fill up with HEe- What are the reactants required for cellular respiration? How does the cell continue making energy if oxygen is unavailable?

16. FERMENTATION FERMENTATION releases energy from food molecules in an anaerobic environment. What does anaerobic mean? Function of Fermentation? Converts NADH back to NAD+ How does it do this? Passes electrons back to Pyruvic Acid TWO TYPES Alcoholic and Lactic Acid

17. FERMENTATION ALCOHOLICLACTIC ACID Yeast and microorganisms PA + NADH  Ethyl Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ Why does bread dough rise? Performed in most cells PA + NADH  Lactic Acid + NAD+ Why do your muscles burn when engaging in strenuous activity?

18. EXIT PASS 1. What are the advantages of GLYCOLYSIS? 2. What are the disadvantages of GLYCOLYSIS? 3. What is the function of Fermentation? 4. Which products are produced by alcoholic fermentation?

19. EXIT PASS ANSWERS 1. Breaks down glucose in an anaerobic environment. Makes energy. 2. Only makes a small amount of energy for the cell (GAIN of 2 ATP) ◦Not enough for cells to survive 3. Converts NADH back to NAD+ ◦Passes e- back to PA 4. Lactic Acid fermentation

20. Question of the DAY NOV 12 What are the reactants of fermentation? A. ADP and NADH B. Glucose and NADH C. Pyruvic Acid and Carbon Dioxide D. Pyruvic Acid and NADH

21. AGENDA NOV 12 Learning Objective: Discuss the role of electron carriers and pyruvic acid in the Krebs Cycle. 1. QUIZ 2. KREBS Cycle 3. Homework Questions – On last slide 4. Review – TEST on Monday Nov 17 ◦Use your diagrams!

22. 9-2: The Krebs Cycle and ETC 90% of energy in Pyruvic Acid still unused Locked in the HE electrons Discovered by Hans Krebs PA from glycolysis enters mitochondria KREBS CYCLE occurs here

23. The Krebs Cycle Pyruvic Acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. 2 nd stage of cellular respiration. Called the Citric Acid Cycle. Citric Acid is first compound formed.

24. The Krebs Cycle: STEP A 1. PA from Glycolysis enters mitochondria 2. One C from PA becomes part of CO2 3. Remaining 2 C Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA) 4. Acetyl CoA + 4 C molecule = Citric Acid

25. The KREBS CYCLE: STEP B 1. Citric Acid (6-C) broken down ◦CO2 released 2. Electrons transferred to e- carriers. ◦NAD+  NADH FAD  FADH2 3. ATP is made ◦ADP + P  ATP One turn produces 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP One turn = 1 Pyruvic acid How many turns are made for 1 molecule of glucose?

26. PRODUCTS of KREBS CYCLE What are the products of the KREBS Cycle for 1 molecule of glucose? 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and Carbon Dioxide How are these products used? ATP for Cellular Activities Carbon Dioxide is exhaled NADH and FADH2 carry HEe- to ETC ◦Used to make huge amounts of ATP

27. The Krebs Cycle Respiration is a synonym for breathing. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. This is why organisms need to breathe in oxygen.

28. CLASSWORK / HOMEWORK Complete the KREBS CYCLE DIAGRAM

29. 9-2: KREBS CYCLE and ETC USE Figure 9-6 ANSWER the following Questions. 1. Where does the KREBS CYCLE take place? 2. How many ATP molecules are generated in one turn of the cycle? 3. How many ATP are generated per one molecule of glucose? 4. Where is most of the energy in pyruvic acid transferred to in this cycle? 5. What is FAD? What is its role in the cycle?

30. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN HEe- from KREBS are carried to ETC. ◦Delivered by NADH and FADH2 STEP A: HEe- passed through proteins found in the ETC ◦Inner membrane of Mitochondria ◦Electrons lose a small amount of energy for each “jump” it they make along ETC.

31. Electron Transport Chain What happens to the electrons when they reach the end of ETC? Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Enzymes combine e- with H+ and Oxygen  Water

32. ETC: ENERGY MAKING STEPS STEP B: Energy from HE e- moves H+ ions from mitochondrial matrix to the inner-membrane space. Concentration gradient is formed.

33. ETC: ENERGY MAKING STEPS STEP C: ATP SYNTHASE allows the movement of H+ ions back across the inner membrane. Provides energy for ADP + P  ATP

35. DO NOW Nov 13 What are the products of the Krebs Cycle for 1 Molecule of glucose?

36. ANSWERNOV 13 The KREBS Cycle produces 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP Requires 2 turns of the KREBS Cycle WHY?

37. AGENDA NOV 13 Learning Objective: Demonstrate how our cells respond to a high demand for energy by measuring the rate of cellular respiration. 1. Question of the Day 2. Exercise and Cellular Respiration LAB 3. STUDY GUIDES 4. Tomorrow – ETC and Review 5. TEST on MONDAY Nov 17 ◦STUDY GUIDES DUE

38. EXERCISE and CELLULAR RESPIRATION LAB You must wear Safety Goggles at ALL TIMES! NO EXCEPTIONS! Failure to do this results in a zero for this LAB. Pay careful attention to the Demonstration!

40. AGENDA NOV 14 Learning Objective: Explain how a cell produces ATP through CHEMIOSMOSIS by breaking down glucose. 1. REVIEW ETC and CHEMIOSMOSIS 2. CHAPTER 9 Concepts Review 3. STUDY GUIDES DUE MONDAY 4. TEST on MONDAY NOV 17

41. MAKING ATP

42. Oxygen and Chemiosmosis BOZEMAN SCIENCE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o61dT k4J9AU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o61dT k4J9AU

43. ATP PRODUCTION FOR 1 Molecule of GLUCOSE GLYCOLYSIS produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP (2 ATP SPENT) KREBS CYCLE produces (2 Turns) 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP ETC produces 32 ATP

44. TOTAL ATP in 1 GLUCOSE Cellular Respiration produces 36 ATP for use by the cell. 38 ATP – 2 ATP SPENT = 36 ATP This is 38% of the energy available in Glucose. Where does the rest of the energy go? It is lost as heat. This is why we feel hot after strenuous activity.

45. ENERGY and EXERCISE Short Term Energy ◦Small amounts of ATP in muscles ◦Lactic Acid Fermentation takes over ◦Enough energy to last approximately 90 seconds Long Term Energy ◦Cellular respiration is needed ◦Releases energy slower than fermentation ◦Stored in the carbohydrate Glycogen ◦15 – 20 minutes of energy (then breaks down fats and other molecules) ◦Even the most conditioned athletes must pace themselves.