1. Chapter 17
Databases

2. Data Bases (p.26)
Discuss with your friends about the first- three-question!
Read the text about “Basic Features of Database Programs”
Find out new vocabularies from the text!
Discuss and answer the exercises B, C on page 28
Complte the Puzzle using the given-clue!

3. Regular Plural Nouns Plural noun markers with -s
We add the plural suffix –s to most words.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
apple (æ-pul)
apples (æ-pulz)
book
books
chair
chairs
picture
pictures
page
pages
key
keys
computer
computers

4. box /bɒks/ boxes /bɒks-iz/ kiss kisses /kɪs-ɪz/ wish wishes /wɪʃ-ɪz/
 After sounds s /s/,  z /z/,  sh /ʃ/,  ch /tʃ/ and j /dʒ/, we add the plural suffix -es /ɪz/
SINGULAR
PLURAL
box /bɒks/
boxes  /bɒks-iz/
kiss
kisses  /kɪs-ɪz/
wish
wishes /wɪʃ-ɪz/
watch
watches /watʃ-ɪz/
buzz
buzzes /bʌz-ɪz/
garage
garages /gəˈrɑʒ-ɪz/
judge
judges /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/

5. SINGULAR PLURAL tomato /təˈmeɪtoʊ, -ˈmɑ-/ tomatoes /təˈmeɪtoʊz/
We add the plural suffix -es to most words that end in o.
SINGULAR
   
PLURAL
tomato   /təˈmeɪtoʊ, -ˈmɑ-/
tomatoes /təˈmeɪtoʊz/
echo  /ˈɛkoʊ/
echoes /ˈɛkoʊz/
embargo
embargoes /ɛmˈbɑrgoʊz/
hero
heroes /ˈhɪəroʊz/
potato
potatoes /pəˈmeɪtoʊz/
veto
vetoes /ˈvitoʊz/
OPTIONAL
buffalo
OS / OES
buffalos or buffaloes /ˈbʌfəˌloʊ/
cargo
cargos or cargoes  /ˈkɑrgoʊz/
halo
halos or haloes /ˈheɪloʊz/
mosquito
mosquitos or mosquitoes  no
nos or noes /noʊz/
torpedo
torpedos or torpedoes
zero
zeros or zeroes  /ˈzɪəroʊz/

6. pianos /piˈænoʊz, ˈpyænoʊz/ auto autos /ˈɔtoʊz/ avocado
We add the plural suffix -s to words of foreign origin (latin, greek, etc.)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
piano
pianos  /piˈænoʊz, ˈpyænoʊz/
auto
autos /ˈɔtoʊz/
avocado
avocados /ˌɑvəˈkɑdoʊz/
ghetto
ghettos  /ˈgɛtoʊz/
kilo
kilos  /ˈkɪloʊz/
memo
memos  /ˈmɛmoʊz/
photo
photos  /ˈfoʊtoʊz/
portfolio
portfolios  /ˈfoʊtoʊz/
pro
pros /proʊz/
radio
radios  /ˈreɪdiˌoʊz/
soprano
sopranos  /səˈprænoʊz, -ˈprɑnoʊz/
solo
solos  /ˈsoʊloʊz/
studio
studios  /ˈstudiˌoʊz/
video 
videos /ˈvɪdiˌoʊz/

7. allies /ˈælaɪz, əˈlaɪz/ BUT NOT AFTER—VOWEL+Y employ
Y → I + ES
When a word ends in Y and there is a consonant before Y, we change the Y to I and add -ES.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
baby
babies  /ˈbeɪbiz/
fry
fries /fraɪz/
supply
supplies /səˈplaɪz/
fly
flies    /flaɪz/
ally
allies  /ˈælaɪz, əˈlaɪz/
BUT NOT AFTER—VOWEL+Y
employ
employs  /ɛmˈplɔɪz/
destroy
destroys  /dɪˈstrɔɪz/
key
keys   /kiz/
monkey
monkeys  /ˈmʌŋkiz/
toy
toys  /tɔɪz/
play
plays  /pleɪz/

8. SINGULAR PLURAL leaf leaves /livz/ half halves /hævz, hɑvz/ life
FE or F → V + ES
When a word ends in -F or -FE, we change the F to V and add -ES.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
leaf  
leaves  /livz/
half
halves  /hævz, hɑvz/
life
lives    n.– /laɪvz/  v.– /lɪvz/
self
selves /sɛlvz/
thief
thieves  /θivz/
scarf
scarves  /skɑrvz/
calf
calves   /kævz, kɑvz/
knife
knives  /naɪvz/
loaf
loaves /loʊvz/
shelf
shelves  /ʃɛlvz/
wolf
wolves  /wʊlvz/
BUT NOT IN THESE WORDS
cliff
cliffs  /klɪfs/
roof
roofs   /rufs, rʊfs/
belief
beliefs /bɪˈlifs/
chief
chiefs    /tʃifs/

9. mouse mice /maɪs/ foot feet /fit/ tooth teeth /tiθ/ goose geese /gis/
CHANGE MIDDLE VOWELS
In a few words, the mid-word vowels are changed to form the plural.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
mouse
mice /maɪs/
foot
feet /fit/
tooth
teeth /tiθ/
goose
geese /gis/
louse
lice /laɪs/

10. SINGULAR FORM (NO CHANGE)
In a few words, the singular form is used for both singular and plural.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
fish
deer
sheep
shrimp
shrimp  /ʃrɪmp/  note (Amer. English does not use -s) 
offspring
series
series  /ˈsɪər-iz/
species
species   /ˈspi-ʃiz, -siz/
means
grapefruit
grapefruit    "fruit" – plural form
(next page)
aircraft

11. SINGULAR—US cactus PLURAL – i cacti cactuses
LATIN WORDS
In words borrowed from Latin, the Latin plural forms are used.
SINGULAR—US
cactus  
PLURAL – i
cacti  cactuses
fungus /ˈfʌŋ-gəs/
fungi  /ˈfʌn-dʒaɪ, ˈfʌŋ-gaɪ/
nucleus /ˈnu-kli-əs/
nuclei  /ˈnu-kli-ˌaɪ/
stimulus
stimuli
syllabus  /ˈsɪl-ə-bəs/
syllabi  /ˈsɪl-ə-baɪ/
SINGULAR—ON, —UM
phenomenon  Greek / Latin
PLURAL –A
phenomena    /fɪˈ-nɒ-mə-nə/
criterion   Greek / Latin
criteria
bacterium  Latin
bacteria
curriculum Latin
curricula
datum  Latin
data   /ˈde-ɪtə, ˈdæ-tə, ˈdɑ-tə/
medium Latin
media
memorandum Latin
memoranda
SINGULAR—A
formula /ˈfɔrmyələ/  Latin
Plural –AE
formulas / formulae /ˈfɔrm-yə-li/
vertebra  Latin
vertebrae

12. children /ˈtʃɪl-drən/ ox oxen /ˈɒksən/ SINGULAR –IS from Greek
OLD ENGLISH WORDS OR GREEK WORDS
In some words, the plurals are derived (come) from older language forms.
SINGULAR
*man   /mæn/ from Middle English
PLURAL  –EN
men /mɛn/
**woman   /ˈwʊmən/
women /ˈwɪmɪn/
child  /tʃaɪld/
children /ˈtʃɪl-drən/ ox
oxen   /ˈɒksən/
SINGULAR –IS    from Greek
analysis  Greek
PLURAL –ES
analyses
basis  Greek
bases
crisis  Greek
crises
hypothesis  Greek
hypotheses
oasis  /oʊˈeɪsɪs/ Greek > Egyptian
oases /oʊˈeɪsiz/
parenthesis /pəˈrɛn-θə-sɪs/  Greek
parentheses /pəˈrɛn-θə--siz/
thesis   /ˈθi-sɪs/  Greek
theses   /ˈθi-siz/

13. Language Work; Plurals(p.29)
Look at the help box (on page 29)!
Write down the plural form of the words on exercise A!
Re-read text “Basic Features of Database Programs” on page 27 to find at least 5 plurals pronounced /iz/
Pronounced the plurals words on the box page 29 and put them in the right coloumn!