1. Air pollution Air Pollution

5. The challenges of air pollution legislation Challenges of Risk Assessment Economic consequences of over- regulation Geographic Variation Fairness and the Precautionary Principle

6. Modeling of Air Pollution Emission Transport Deposition Chemical Changes

7. Major Air Pollutants Particulates Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Oxides Carbon Oxides Hydrocarbons Ozone –Stratospheric –troposheric Lead (included with particulates in the text) Air Toxics (hazardous air pollutants) Primary and Secondary Pollutants Mobile and Stationary Sources Smog Photochemical Smog

8. Air Pollutant Sources (CA)

9. Respiratory Disease –Emphysema –Bronchitis –Asthma Lung Cancer Toxic Responses –Mental impairment and Death –CO – reduction in blood’s ability to transport oxygen –Neurotoxic responses and effects on development Teratogenic and Mutagenic Effects –(less common for airborne pollutants) Effects of Air Pollution Hazard Identification and Dose Response

10. Loss of plant productivity Damage to wildlife populations Corrode metals and concrete

11. Issues associated with Exposure Assessment for outdoor air pollution

12. Exposure Assessment

13. Hazard Characterization Establishment of standards Chronic vs. acute exposures Sensitivity of the receptor Precautionary principle? Go through Risk Assessment –Effects on human health –Effects on the ecosystem –Effects on buildings and structures –Calculation of dosage –Inversions/Climatic Effects

14. Establishment of Limits Maintain or improve conditions? Who bears the burden? Economic consequences of over-protection vs. the environmental and health risks associated with the pollutants:

15. Technology to Control Air Pollution Stationary sources –Scrubbers… –Reduce pollution in material being burned –Higher stacks (greater dilution) –Hotter temperatures (more rapid dispersal) Mobile Sources –Catalytic converters –Cleaner fuels –Inspections

16. Legislation to Control Air Pollution Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990) Common Pollutants –Criteria Pollutants Mobile Sources Acid Rain Toxic Air Pollution Stratospheric Ozone Mobile Sources –Cleaner Cars –Catalytic converters –Lead and other toxins –Reformulated Gasoline –Low Sulfur Fuels –Alternative Fuels –Cleaner Trucks and Buses –Transportation Policies –Inspection and Maintenance Programs

17. Stationary Sources

18. Ozone Depletion http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/ozanim/ozoanim.shtml

19. Acid Precipitation

20. Global Distillation Effect

21. Indoor Air Pollution