1. ***The sooner mom begins prenatal care the better it will be for both the mother and the baby… Obstetrician: --Doctor who specializes in the pre and post natal care of the fetus/baby and mother … What is the purpose of prenatal care? 1)Answers all question the mother to be has about pregnancy, birth and prenatal care. 2)Provides insight on healthy behaviors, such as nutrition, during pregnancy. 3)Prevent or improve medical problems that arise during pregnancy. 4)To monitor all the mother to be vital signs (BP, Blood Sugar, Cholesterol etc…) 5)Monitor mothers weight gain during pregnancy and make suggestions for activities that mother can safely participate in.

2. ***The following is a list of things that can cause problems to the developing fetus… Medications: --Legal / Illegal drugs can substantially increase the likelihood of the child being born with developmental problems ranging in severity. These medications could cause physical or mental abnormalities… Examples: -Caffeine **Can cause a decrease in fetus ability to uptake nutrition from mother **Has been found to increase likelihood of miscarriage in larger quantities… -Tobacco **Misscarriage **Placental Problems (detachment) (Responsible 20% fetal mortality) (Hemorrhaging) **Increase chance low birth weight (#1 cause of death in 1 st year of life) **Childhood Cancer **Measurable link between smoking moms and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) -Cocaine **Linked to impaired fetal brain development

3. ***The following is a list of things that can cause problems to the developing fetus… Medications: Examples Continued… -Alcohol use can lead to the following… http://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/alcohol-effects-on-a-fetus- topic-overviewhttp://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/alcohol-effects-on-a-fetus- topic-overview The effects of alcohol can include: 1)Odd facial features. A child may have a small head, flat face, cleft pallate, and narrow eye openings. It may be hard to pick out one trait. But in general, a child's head and face just don't look right. This gets more obvious by age 2 or 3. 2)Growth problems. Children who were exposed to alcohol before they were born may be smaller than other children of the same age. 3)Lifelong Learning and behavior problems, mental developmental problems. 4)Birth defects. Problems can occur that involve parts of the body such as the eyes, ears, heart, bones, or urinary tract. 5)Heavy alcohol use during pregnancy can also lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature birth. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use.html ****See The Story of Iyal CDC SITE VIDEOCDC SITE VIDEO

4. ***Reminder, anytime the last month or so the fetus will position itself to the head down position 3 Stages of Birth: 1)Dilation: - Enlarging of the cervix allowing the fetus to pass. *Fully dilated and ready for birth is 10 centimeters… 2) Delivery: - Uterus contractions cause fetus to be pushed out. - How long you ask??? “May last hours to days” ~Mayo Clinic First time moms labor often lasting 8-10 hours. 3)Afterbirth: - Continued uterine contractions (usually 10 to 15 minutes after birth) to pass the placenta and remainder of material in the uterus. VIDEO TIME !!!

5. ***The doctor will perform something called an APGAR test. APGAR TEST: ***There are 5 areas the doctor will test to assess the physical condition of the child: 1)Skin color: -Skin color is an indication of good/poor circulation 2) Reflexes: -Checks for good nervous system function 3) Respiration: -Checks respirations and if the baby is crying, its breathing. 4) Pulse: -Heart rate, pulse at hands and feet, strong pulses here signifies good circulation 5) Activity: -Rate the amount of motion of the baby…the more wiggles the better!

6. ***Genetics… What are Chromosomes? - Tiny structures w/in the nuclei of cells that carry information about hereditary traits (genes/ DNA…) DNA: Is the portion of a chromosome that makes each of us unique to others… - The shape that DNA is arranged in is called a double helix… Chromosome Info: 1)How many pairs do we have? 23 pairs Total # Chromosomes 46 total 2)Which letter chromosomes signify male / female? Male: XY Female: XX 3)Which parent determines the gender of the offspring? Male 4)Why? Because the male can offer up either the X or Y chromosome… if it’s the Y chromosome then the offspring will be a male.

7. In chromosomes, what are the structures that carry genetic traits? Genes… What are some examples of hereditary traits determined by genes? 1)Hair Color 2)Eye Color 3)Body height How does the process of creating hereditary traits work… -Individuals carry two genes for each trait, one from the mother’s egg and one from the father’s sperm. At fertilization genes from the male / female combine (1 gene per trait offered from male and female) to determine phenotype (the observable physical characteristic or trait) -For each trait there are 2 genes that are use to determine what phenotype shows up… Dominant and Recessive genes… Dominant Genes: Whenever these genes are present in offspring the trait they represent will show. Recessive Genes: When this gene shows alone the trait will not appear… for the trait that the recessive gene represents to be visible both recessive genes must be present… ***Dominant usually represented by CAPITAL LETTERS ***Recessive usually by lowercase …

8. ***Genetics Determining Traits… To determine traits you need to combine the genes provided from both parents? - Each parent will offer either a dominant or recessive gene for each trait… ***Remember if the dominant gene is present that is the trait that will show up… ***For the recessive trait to show up both recessive genes must be present… Genotype: (exact genetic make-up) Homozygous: Meaning both recessive or dominant genes are present. (BB or bb) Heterozygous: Meaning there will be 1 dominant and 1 recessive gene present. (Bb)

9. ***Genetics Determining Traits… Punnett Squares… -It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach, and is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. -The Punnett square is a summary of every possible combination of one maternal gene with one paternal gene for each trait being studied in the cross. Punnett Squares: -The trait we will be working with is eye color… -You will have to answer the following questions on the test so make sure you are taking notes... 1) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus dominant? ______________ 2) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus recessive?______________ 3) What are the chance of offspring being heterozygus? _______________ 4) What are the chances of offspring having blue eyes?________________ 5) What are the chances of offspring having brown eyes? ________________

10. Punnett Square Examples… Dominant Gene: B = Brown Recessive Gene: b= Blue ***Answer the following Q’s… - You may answer in %’s… 1) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus dominant? ______________ 2) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus recessive?______________ 3) What are the chance of offspring being heterozygus? _______________ 4) What are the chances of offspring having blue eyes?________________ 5) What are the chances of offspring having brown eyes? ________________ 6) What color eyes does mother have? _____________ Father? ___________ Mother Genotype: Bb Father Genotype: BB

11. Punnett Square Examples… Dominant Gene: B = Brown Recessive Gene: b= Blue ***Answer the following Q’s… - You may answer in %’s… 1) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus dominant? ______________ 2) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus recessive?______________ 3) What are the chance of offspring being heterozygus? _______________ 4) What are the chances of offspring having blue eyes?________________ 5) What are the chances of offspring having brown eyes? ________________ 6) What color eyes does mother have? _____________ Father? ___________ Mother Genotype: BB Father Genotype: bb

12. Punnett Square Examples… Dominant Gene: B = Brown Recessive Gene: b= Blue ***Answer the following Q’s… - You may answer in %’s… 1) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus dominant? ______________ 2) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus recessive?______________ 3) What are the chance of offspring being heterozygus? _______________ 4) What are the chances of offspring having blue eyes?________________ 5) What are the chances of offspring having brown eyes? ________________ 6) What color eyes does mother have? _____________ Father? ___________ Mother Genotype: Bb Father Genotype: bb

13. Punnett Square Examples… Dominant Gene: B = Brown Recessive Gene: b= Blue ***Answer the following Q’s… - You may answer in %’s… 1) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus dominant? ______________ 2) What are the chance of offspring being homozygus recessive?______________ 3) What are the chance of offspring being heterozygus? _______________ 4) What are the chances of offspring having blue eyes?________________ 5) What are the chances of offspring having brown eyes? ________________ 6) What color eyes does mother have? _____________ Father? ___________ Mother Genotype: Bb Father Genotype: Bb

14. Checking for Genetic Disorders… Amniocentesis: A syringe is used to draw amniotic fluid from the uterus… -Fluid contains chromosomes that will allow physician to check for developmental problems along with the gender of the fetus… - This test is done between weeks 16 and 20! Ultrasound: Sound waves are used to project light waves onto a screen… - This test provides information on position of fetus in the uterus… - Allows physician to check the physical development of the fetus… Chorionic Villi Sampling: A test in which a small piece of membrane from the chorion (placenta) - This test can be done around 8 th week of development. - Used to test for genetic abnormalities.

15. Genetic Disorders… Sickle Cell Anemia: Red blood cells develop into a sickle shape, making the cells more likely to “clump” together. -Leads to blood clotting -Abdominal Pain, Joint Pain, Kidney Disease. Tay-Sachs: Causes destruction of the nervous system… -Blindness -Paralysis -Shortened life span (early childhood) ***1 in every 3600 Americans of Eastern Jewish Ancestry…

16. Genetic Disorders… Phenylketonuria: -An excess of the protein phenylalanine builds up in the body and can interfere with the development of the brain -This disorder, if detected before the damage is done, can be treated by supplementing the persons (baby) diet with vital amino acids that can stop the damage from occurring. -In the United States its recommended that the diet be maintained for life, allowing them to live as normal of a life as possible

17. Genetic Disorders… Cystic Fibrosis: -Makes breathing and digestion difficult… -Typical problems involve respiratory and digestive problems; making one likely to suffer from chronic respiratory problems and difficulty gaining weight. - 1 in every 2000 infants is born with C.F.

18. Genetic Disorders… Down Syndrome: “Trisomy 21” -3 copies of the 21 st chromosome. -Approximately 1 in every 700 births, chances increasing with mothers age.