1. DO NOW: In YOUR OWN WORDS, briefly define 4 of the following: conformitydeindividuation group polarization group think social facilitation mere exposure effect cognitive dissonance social loafing.

2. Abnormal Psychology AP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier 4.5.2010

3. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Objective: SWBAT identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

4. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Psychological disorders: deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. What is considered “deviant” varies culture to culture. They must cause the person distress. Disfuction: when normal behavior is interrupted, or when it impairs your life.

5. Understanding Psychological Disorders Objective: SWBAT contrast the medical model of psychological disorders with the biopsychosocial approach to disordered behavior.

6. Understanding Psychological Disorders Medical model: the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

7. Understanding Psychological Disorders Biopsychosocial approach: all behavior, whether normal or disordered, comes from the interaction of nature (genetics and physiology), and nurture (past and present experiences).

8. Classifying Psychological Disorders Objective: SWBAT describe the goals and content of the DSM-IV.

9. Classifying Psychological Disorders DSM-IV: the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Disorders are assessed on five axes: Is a clinical syndrome present?

10. Classifying Psychological Disorders Disorders are assessed on five axes: Is a personality disorder or mental retardation present? Is a general medical condition, suck as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present?

11. Classifying Psychological Disorders Disorders are assessed on five axes: Are psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school or housing issues, also present? What is the global assessment of this person’s functioning?

12. Rates of Psychological Disorders Objective: SWBAT discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders.

13. Rates of Psychological Disorders Research indicates that about 1 in 6 people has, or has had, a psychological disorder, usually in early adulthood.

14. Rates of Psychological Disorders Poverty is a predictor of mental illness. Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of mental disorders, but some mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty.

15. ANXIETY DISORDERS Objective: SWBAT define anxiety disorders, and explain how these conditions differ from normal feelings of stress, tension, or uneasiness.

16. ANXIETY DISORDERS anxiety disorders: psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

17. Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder Objective: SWBAT contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.

18. Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder generalized anxiety disorder: an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. It is often accompanied by depression, and may lead to physical problems, like ulcers and high blood pressure.

19. Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder panic disorder: an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

20. Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder agoraphobia: fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes.

21. Phobias Objective: SWBAT explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience.

22. Phobias phobia: an anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. Common examples: acrophobia – fear of heights arachnophobia – fear of spiders glossophobia – fear of public speaking

23. Phobias Not-so-common examples: geniophobia – fear of chins Linonophobia – fear of strings

24. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Objective: SWBAT describe the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

25. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). They begin to interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress. e.g. checking to see if the back door is locked is normal; checking it 10 times is not.

26. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Objective: SWBAT describe the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and discuss survivor resiliency.

27. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. Common amongst ex-military personnel, as well as victims of severe accidents and trauma.

28. Explaining Anxiety Disorders Objective: SWBAT discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding

29. Explaining Anxiety Disorders Learning perspective: conditioning and observational learning. Biological perspective: natural selection: we tend to fear things that would have harmed our ancestors. genes: some people are predisposed to particular fears and high anxiety.

30. Explaining Anxiety Disorders brain: people with OCD show elevated activity in the parts of their brains that control the compulsive action. Fear circuits can form within the amygdala; some antidepressant drugs dampen this fear-circuit activity and its associated OCD behavior.

31. DISSOCIATIVE AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS Objective: SWBAT describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders, and explain why some critics are skeptical about dissociative identity disorder.

32. DISSOCIATIVE AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS dissociative disorders: disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

33. DISSOCIATIVE AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS dissociative identity disorder (DID): a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. AKA multiple personality disorder

34. DISSOCIATIVE AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS Studies have shown that different personalities can also have distinct brain and body states. Psychoanalysts and learning theories view this as a way to deal with anxiety. Others view it as PTSD (but what about people who go through traumatic experiences but do not develop DID?).

35. Personality Disorders Objective: SWBAT contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder.

36. Personality Disorders personality disorders: psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Cluster 1: expresses anxiety, such as fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder.

37. Personality Disorders Cluster 2: expresses eccentric behaviors, such as the emotionless disengagement of the schizoid personality disorder. Cluster 3: exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors. histrionic PD: shallow, attention-getting emotions and goes through great lengths to get others’ praise and reassurance.

38. Personality Disorders Cluster 3: exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors. narcissistic PD: exaggerate their own importance and accept criticism poorly. borderline PD: unstable identity, relationships, and emotions.

39. Personality Disorders Anti-social PD: a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. Formally known as a psychopath or sociopath

40. DO NOW: Briefly describe the following psychological disorders IN YOUR OWN WORDS and give one example: anxiety disorder dissociative disorder personality disorder

41. Personality Disorders Anti-Social PD: Brain scans of some murderers with ASPD have shown reduced activity in the frontal lobes. Genetic predispositions may interact with environmental influences to produce ASPD.

42. MOOD DISORDERS Objective: SWBAT define mood disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

43. MOOD DISORDERS mood disorder: psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

44. Major Depressive Disorder major depressive disorder: a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

45. Major Depressive Disorder dysthymic disorder: in between temporary blue moods and MDD, a down-in-the-dumps mood that fills most of the day, nearly every day, for 2 years or more.

46. Bipolar Disorder mania: a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. bipolar disorder: a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Formally called manic-depressive disorder.

47. The Biological Perspective Objective: SWBAT summarize the contributions of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.

48. The Biological Perspective The bio perspective focuses on genetic influences and abnormalities in brain structure and function. Depression is linked to a lack of norepinephrine and serotonin.

49. The Biological Perspective There is a genetic predisposition for depression in some families. Activity in the left frontal lobes is slowed.

50. The Biological Perspective Stress related damage to the hippocampus increases the risk of depression. The risk of suicide is greatest when energy returns as depression begins to lift.

51. The Social-Cognitive Perspective Objective: SWBAT summarize the contributions of the social-cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.

52. The Social-Cognitive Perspective The Social-Cognitive Perspective stresses the power of self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles that view bad events as stable, global, and internally caused. These characteristics may coincide with depression, but not cause it.

53. SCHIZOPHRENIA Objective: SWBAT describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, and differentiate delusions and hallucinations.

54. SCHIZOPHRENIA Schizophrenia: a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. delusions: false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

55. SCHIZOPHRENIA hallucinations: sensory experiences without sensory stimulation; perceived things that are not in fact there. Usually auditory and often in the form of voices giving insults or commands. Less commonly, people see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not there.

56. SCHIZOPHRENIA Motor behavior may be inappropriate. e.g. senseless compulsive acts or catatonia (remaining motionless for hours on end and then becoming agitated).

63. Subtypes of Schizophrenia Objective: SWBAT distinguish the five subtypes of schizophrenia, and contrast chronic and acute schizophrenia.

64. Subtypes of Schizophrenia positive symptoms: hallucinations, talking in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibiting inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage. negative symptoms: toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies.

65. Subtypes of Schizophrenia paranoid: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity. disorganized: disorganized speech or behavior, OR flat or inappropriate emotion.

66. Subtypes of Schizophrenia catatonic: immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another’s speech or movement. undifferentiated: many and varied symptoms. residual: withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.

67. Brain Abnormalities Objective: SWBAT outline some abnormal brain chemistry, functions, and structures associated with schizophrenia, and discuss the possible link between prenatal viral infections and schizophrenia.

68. Brain Abnormalities People with schizophrenia have increases receptors for the NT dopamine, which may increase positive symptoms. There may be a link between negative symptoms and glutamate activity.

69. Brain Abnormalities Brain abnormalities include enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala.

70. Genetic Factors Objective: SWBAT discuss the evidence for a genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia.

71. Genetic Factors The odds of developing schizophrenia are approximately 1 in 100 in the general population. 1 in 10 if a family member has it.

72. Genetic Factors 1 in 2 if an identical twin has the disorder. Adoption studies have shown that an adopted child’s chances of developing the disorder are greater if the biological parents have it, but not if the adopted parents have it.