1. 1 Major Events of the Cold War Major Events of the Cold War 1945-1991 1945-1991

2. 2 Cold War- after WW II, there developed a state of tension and hostility between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies, just short of actual war. In several instances, the Cold War came dangerously close to nuclear war.Cold War- after WW II, there developed a state of tension and hostility between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies, just short of actual war. In several instances, the Cold War came dangerously close to nuclear war. The Cold War dominated US –Soviet international relations from the 1940’s to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.The Cold War dominated US –Soviet international relations from the 1940’s to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. In Korea and Vietnam, the US became involved in actual war.In Korea and Vietnam, the US became involved in actual war.

3. 3 Cold War Events 1945-Yalta Conference- mistrust began to develop between the US and USSR at the Yalta Conference just before the end of WW II and again at the Potsdam Conference after WW II.1945-Yalta Conference- mistrust began to develop between the US and USSR at the Yalta Conference just before the end of WW II and again at the Potsdam Conference after WW II. The United Nations- an organization created in 1945 in order to maintain international security and peace. The five major allied nations of WW II were given permanent seats and veto power in the U.N. Security Council. All hoped that U.S. –Soviet relations would improve.The United Nations- an organization created in 1945 in order to maintain international security and peace. The five major allied nations of WW II were given permanent seats and veto power in the U.N. Security Council. All hoped that U.S. –Soviet relations would improve. Yalta

4. 4 Satellite States- the Soviet Union began to deny self- determination to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and soon developed satellite states. One by one, Communist dictators loyal to Moscow came to power in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.Satellite States- the Soviet Union began to deny self- determination to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and soon developed satellite states. One by one, Communist dictators loyal to Moscow came to power in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. The US became alarmed over the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe.The US became alarmed over the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe.

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6. 6 Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchi1l at Fulton College, Missouri- 1946 Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchi1l at Fulton College, Missouri- 1946 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow… ”“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow… ”

7. 7 Germany- Post WW II Occupation of Germany- after WWII, Germany ( and Austria) were divided into four zones. The French, British, US, and Soviet zones. These were to be temporary occupation zones.Occupation of Germany- after WWII, Germany ( and Austria) were divided into four zones. The French, British, US, and Soviet zones. These were to be temporary occupation zones. In addition, the city of Berlin, in the Soviet Zone, was also divided.

8. 8 East and West Germany

9. 9 Cold War Begins Gradually, the eastern zone, the Soviet zone, evolved into a new Communist state- East Germany- under Soviet control as well as East Berlin.Gradually, the eastern zone, the Soviet zone, evolved into a new Communist state- East Germany- under Soviet control as well as East Berlin. In addition, the Soviets tried to cut off all access to Berlin and force the others out of Berlin.In addition, the Soviets tried to cut off all access to Berlin and force the others out of Berlin. Berlin Airlift- Truman responded to the blockade with the Berlin Airlift- airlifting supplies into West Berlin for eleven months until Stalin finally lifted the Berlin blockade.Berlin Airlift- Truman responded to the blockade with the Berlin Airlift- airlifting supplies into West Berlin for eleven months until Stalin finally lifted the Berlin blockade.

10. 10 Truman Doctrine- 1947 a US policy of ‘containment’ that would supply economic and military aid to any free people or government struggling against “totalitarian” regimes, especially communist led uprisings.Truman Doctrine- 1947 a US policy of ‘containment’ that would supply economic and military aid to any free people or government struggling against “totalitarian” regimes, especially communist led uprisings. This policy increased tensions between the US and the Soviet UnionThis policy increased tensions between the US and the Soviet Union

11. 11 Marshall Plan- 1947 - an extensive US plan of economic aid to help the nations of Western Europe recover from WW II, under the leadership of Secretary of State George Marshall. The Soviet Union and its satellites refused aid.Marshall Plan- 1947 - an extensive US plan of economic aid to help the nations of Western Europe recover from WW II, under the leadership of Secretary of State George Marshall. The Soviet Union and its satellites refused aid. By the 1950’s, the 12 billion dollar plan proved to be successful in helping Western Europe recover from WW II.By the 1950’s, the 12 billion dollar plan proved to be successful in helping Western Europe recover from WW II. However, it deepened the rift between Communist and non Communist nations.However, it deepened the rift between Communist and non Communist nations.

12. 12 NATO- 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization: an organization of mutual military defense established between the United States and its allies. Twelve nations were included in 1949.NATO- 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization: an organization of mutual military defense established between the United States and its allies. Twelve nations were included in 1949. Warsaw Pact- 1955- an organization of mutual military defense between the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies. Seven nations joined in 1955.Warsaw Pact- 1955- an organization of mutual military defense between the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies. Seven nations joined in 1955. Both organizations further increased US/Soviet tensions.Both organizations further increased US/Soviet tensions.

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14. 14 NATO and Warsaw Pact Blue=NATO Red=Warsaw Pact

15. 15 China- in 1949 mainland China had fallen into Communist forces under Mao Zedong. Mao established a Communist government in the People’s Republic of ChinaChina- in 1949 mainland China had fallen into Communist forces under Mao Zedong. Mao established a Communist government in the People’s Republic of China The former Nationalist leader of China, Chaing Ki – shek ( Jiang Jie –shi) was forced to flee to Formosa (Taiwan).The former Nationalist leader of China, Chaing Ki – shek ( Jiang Jie –shi) was forced to flee to Formosa (Taiwan). In 1950, Stalin and Mao signed the Sino-Soviet pact, which seemed to provide proof of a worldwide communist conspiracy.In 1950, Stalin and Mao signed the Sino-Soviet pact, which seemed to provide proof of a worldwide communist conspiracy.

16. 16 Cold war turns Hot The Korean War 1950-1953- after WWII, Korea was divided at the 38 th parallel. Soviet armies occupied North Korea and US forces occupied South Korea, but both armies withdrew by 1950.The Korean War 1950-1953- after WWII, Korea was divided at the 38 th parallel. Soviet armies occupied North Korea and US forces occupied South Korea, but both armies withdrew by 1950. On June 25, 1950, Communist North Korea invaded Democratic South Korea.On June 25, 1950, Communist North Korea invaded Democratic South Korea. Truman acted quickly, and a UN resolution was passed to send troops to South Korea to defend against the invaders.Truman acted quickly, and a UN resolution was passed to send troops to South Korea to defend against the invaders.

17. 17 Korea- 38 th Parallel

18. 18 General Douglas MacArthur commanded the UN expedition, which was referred to as a ‘police action’ against communist aggression.General Douglas MacArthur commanded the UN expedition, which was referred to as a ‘police action’ against communist aggression. At first the war in Korea went badly for UN (mostly US) forces. The Chinese entered the war and sent masses of troops across the border into Korea.At first the war in Korea went badly for UN (mostly US) forces. The Chinese entered the war and sent masses of troops across the border into Korea. MacArthur made statements that were critical of US Policy. Truman recalled MacArthur for insubordination.MacArthur made statements that were critical of US Policy. Truman recalled MacArthur for insubordination. General Lewis Puller (Chesty) from West Point and Saluda, Virginia- became the most decorated Marine in history. General Lewis Puller (Chesty) from West Point and Saluda, Virginia- became the most decorated Marine in history. In the end an armistice was reached in 1953, and Korea remained divided at the 38 th Parallel. 54,000 American soldiers died in Korea.In the end an armistice was reached in 1953, and Korea remained divided at the 38 th Parallel. 54,000 American soldiers died in Korea. Korea- divided at 38 th Parallel

19. 19 The Second Red Scare- When the Soviets developed their own A-Bomb in 1949, many were convinced there existed a conspiracy of Communists spies that had sold secrets to the Soviet Union.The Second Red Scare- When the Soviets developed their own A-Bomb in 1949, many were convinced there existed a conspiracy of Communists spies that had sold secrets to the Soviet Union. During the 1950’s, PresidentDuring the 1950’s, President Eisenhower would adopt a policyEisenhower would adopt a policy of “massive retaliation” to deterof “massive retaliation” to deter any nuclear strike by the Soviets.any nuclear strike by the Soviets. In addition, many believed Communist conspiracy was behind civil unrest and war in Europe and Asia.In addition, many believed Communist conspiracy was behind civil unrest and war in Europe and Asia.

20. 20 Red Scare in the US HUAC- The House of Representatives, Un-American Activities Committee began investigations of government officials, Hollywood officials, actors, writers and directors.HUAC- The House of Representatives, Un-American Activities Committee began investigations of government officials, Hollywood officials, actors, writers and directors. Those from Hollywood were known as the Hollywood Ten.Those from Hollywood were known as the Hollywood Ten. Many that refused to testify were blacklisted in their industry and therefore could not find employment.Many that refused to testify were blacklisted in their industry and therefore could not find employment. Senator Joseph McCarthy also gained power through televised sensationalism as a red witch hunter. He went too far when he accused the army of being infiltrated with Communists. His witch hunts are referred to as McCarthyism.Senator Joseph McCarthy also gained power through televised sensationalism as a red witch hunter. He went too far when he accused the army of being infiltrated with Communists. His witch hunts are referred to as McCarthyism.

21. 21 Espionage Cases Espionage Case against Alger Hiss, a prominent government official for spying for the Soviets.Espionage Case against Alger Hiss, a prominent government official for spying for the Soviets. Whitaker Chambers testified against Hiss.Whitaker Chambers testified against Hiss. Richard Nixon, a young Congressman at the time, led the investigation against Alger Hiss.Richard Nixon, a young Congressman at the time, led the investigation against Alger Hiss. Hiss was found guilty and sentenced to five years.Hiss was found guilty and sentenced to five years. Another case was against Ethel and Julius Rosenberg for sellingAnother case was against Ethel and Julius Rosenberg for selling atomic secrets to the Russians. atomic secrets to the Russians. 1951-The Rosenberg's were found guilty and executed. 1951-The Rosenberg's were found guilty and executed. Many believed prejudice and fear contributed to these convictions. Many believed prejudice and fear contributed to these convictions.

22. Vietnam 22 Chinese Control-207 BC-938 Chinese Dynasties- 1285-1887 French Imperialism- 1887-1940 Occupation by Japan- WW II French Occupation- 1945-1955 (1 st Vietnam War) Divided- 17 Parallel- Geneva Accords 1955 (2 nd Vietnam War- 1955-1975) United Communist Vietnam- 1975 Geographic Regions: Highlands Central Highlands Coastal Lowlands Mekong River Delta 1200 miles long Tropical Monsoon Climate: 41 F Winter 98 F Summer 90% rain summer monsoon.

23. 23 Vietnam War Chronology: Chronology: 1954- French forces are defeated in Indochina (Vietnam) at the battle of Diem Bien Phu.1954- French forces are defeated in Indochina (Vietnam) at the battle of Diem Bien Phu. 1955- Geneva convention divides Vietnam at the 17 th Parallel.1955- Geneva convention divides Vietnam at the 17 th Parallel. North Vietnam- Communist government led byNorth Vietnam- Communist government led by Ho Chi Minh.Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam- Democratic government led bySouth Vietnam- Democratic government led by President Dinh DiemPresident Dinh Diem

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25. 1955-1964- US aids South Vietnam with economic assistance and military advisors.1955-1964- US aids South Vietnam with economic assistance and military advisors. President Eisenhower and later President Kennedy believe that if Vietnam falls to Communism, all of Southeast Asia will fall.President Eisenhower and later President Kennedy believe that if Vietnam falls to Communism, all of Southeast Asia will fall. This is known as the Domino Theory. This is known as the Domino Theory. 25

26. 26 Vietnam

27. 27 1964- The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Congress gives President Lyndon Johnson the authority to send US troops to fight in Vietnam.1964- The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Congress gives President Lyndon Johnson the authority to send US troops to fight in Vietnam. 1968- 500,000 US troops are in Vietnam.1968- 500,000 US troops are in Vietnam. 1968- Tet Offensive- large Vietcong ( Communist) offensive in South Vietnam.1968- Tet Offensive- large Vietcong ( Communist) offensive in South Vietnam. After the Tet Offensive, public opinion about Vietnam begins to change against the war.After the Tet Offensive, public opinion about Vietnam begins to change against the war.

28. 28 KENT STATE Antiwar protests increase in the US, especially on college campuses.Antiwar protests increase in the US, especially on college campuses. Student crying over the body of a student killed by the National Guard at Kent State University, 1970. Four students were killed and nine were wounded ( Four Dead in Ohio – I Feel Like I’m Going to Die))

29. 29 1969- President Nixon announces a policy of Vietnamization- South Vietnam troops will take over most of the fighting to defend South Vietnam as US troops gradually withdraw. 1973- Vietnam War Agreement-US Withdrawal 1975- Vietnam falls to Communist control and is united as one nation. South Vietnamese attempt to leave on last US helicopter at the US Embassy-Saigon.

30. 30 Summary Summary US sent economic aid and military aid to Vietnam until 1964.US sent economic aid and military aid to Vietnam until 1964. 1965-1975- US fighting in Vietnam1965-1975- US fighting in Vietnam Approximately 57,000 US soldiers died in the Vietnam War.Approximately 57,000 US soldiers died in the Vietnam War. Unlike WW II veterans, Vietnam veterans often faced indifference and outright hostility. The wounds of the Vietnam war were slow to heal.Unlike WW II veterans, Vietnam veterans often faced indifference and outright hostility. The wounds of the Vietnam war were slow to heal. Vietnam still remains a controversial topic.Vietnam still remains a controversial topic.

31. 31 Hungarian Revolt- 1956 Hungarian freedom fighters revolted against Soviet controlled government in 1956.Hungarian freedom fighters revolted against Soviet controlled government in 1956. The Soviet Union responded by sending in 300,000 troops and over 200 tanks into Hungary.The Soviet Union responded by sending in 300,000 troops and over 200 tanks into Hungary. The Soviets ruthlessly crushed the revolt, killing over 25,000 Hungarians. This represented a dark time in the Cold War.The Soviets ruthlessly crushed the revolt, killing over 25,000 Hungarians. This represented a dark time in the Cold War. The world saw first hand how the Soviet Union reacted to others seeking freedom from Soviet control.The world saw first hand how the Soviet Union reacted to others seeking freedom from Soviet control. Hungarian students take Soviet tank

32. 32 Cuba 1959- communist rebel Fidel Castro overthrew the Batista government in Cuba. The loss of Cuba ( 90 miles from Florida) to Communism was perhaps one of the most alarming Cold War developments.1959- communist rebel Fidel Castro overthrew the Batista government in Cuba. The loss of Cuba ( 90 miles from Florida) to Communism was perhaps one of the most alarming Cold War developments. Fidel Castro

33. President Kennedy- 1961-1963 President Kennedy pledged in his inaugural address that the US would “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”President Kennedy pledged in his inaugural address that the US would “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” He also stated, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”He also stated, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” 33

34. 34 In 1961, the US ( CIA) planned an invasion of Cuba with Cuban exiles to overthrow the Castro government. This invasion failed at the Bay of Pigs, Cuba. President Kennedy went along with this plan which had been planned under the Eisenhower administration and this failed invasion completely embarrassed the United States.In 1961, the US ( CIA) planned an invasion of Cuba with Cuban exiles to overthrow the Castro government. This invasion failed at the Bay of Pigs, Cuba. President Kennedy went along with this plan which had been planned under the Eisenhower administration and this failed invasion completely embarrassed the United States.

35. 35 Berlin Wall- 1961 In order to stop citizens from leaving East Berlin and seeking freedom in West Berlin, the Soviets erected a wall, shutting off access to the West.In order to stop citizens from leaving East Berlin and seeking freedom in West Berlin, the Soviets erected a wall, shutting off access to the West. This continued to increase tension between the US and the Soviet Union.This continued to increase tension between the US and the Soviet Union. West Berliners look over wall into East Berlin.

36. 36 The most dangerous challenge from the Soviet Union during the Cold War came in October of 1962.The most dangerous challenge from the Soviet Union during the Cold War came in October of 1962. US reconnaissance planes revealed the Soviets had built underground missile sites in Cuba that were capable of launching nuclear missiles against the US, 90 miles off the coast of Florida.US reconnaissance planes revealed the Soviets had built underground missile sites in Cuba that were capable of launching nuclear missiles against the US, 90 miles off the coast of Florida. Cuban Missile Crisis- 1962

37. 37 President Kennedy responded by establishing a naval blockage ( quarantine) of Cuba until the missiles were removed.President Kennedy responded by establishing a naval blockage ( quarantine) of Cuba until the missiles were removed. A full scale nuclear war between the superpowers seemed possible. These thirteen days in October were a tense moment.A full scale nuclear war between the superpowers seemed possible. These thirteen days in October were a tense moment. Premier Khrushchev of the USSR finally agreed to remove the missiles if Kennedy agreed the USA would never invade Cuba. ( US secretly agrees to remove missiles from Turkey.)Premier Khrushchev of the USSR finally agreed to remove the missiles if Kennedy agreed the USA would never invade Cuba. ( US secretly agrees to remove missiles from Turkey.) President Kennedy signs orders for a naval quarantine of Cuba.

38. President Kennedy, a veteran of WW II, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.President Kennedy, a veteran of WW II, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. This event shook American confidence and began a period of internal conflict and divisiveness spurred by divisions over Vietnam and social issues.This event shook American confidence and began a period of internal conflict and divisiveness spurred by divisions over Vietnam and social issues. 38

39. Prague Spring 1968 Led by reformer Alexander Dubcek, rebellion broke out against Soviet led communist control of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1968.Led by reformer Alexander Dubcek, rebellion broke out against Soviet led communist control of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1968. Soviet Tank in Prague Soviet Tank in Prague The Soviet Union responded with extreme force aided by other Warsaw Pact nations and ruthlessly crushed the uprising in Prague, Czechoslovakia; thus ending what has been called the Prague Spring.The Soviet Union responded with extreme force aided by other Warsaw Pact nations and ruthlessly crushed the uprising in Prague, Czechoslovakia; thus ending what has been called the Prague Spring. 39

40. 40 Détente with China President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger took advantage of the rivalry between China and the Soviet Union by establishing détente, or a diplomatic reduction in cold war tensions.President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger took advantage of the rivalry between China and the Soviet Union by establishing détente, or a diplomatic reduction in cold war tensions. In 1972, Nixon travelled to China to meet with Chairman Mao.In 1972, Nixon travelled to China to meet with Chairman Mao. In 1979, the US officially recognized the Communist government of China and diplomatic relations are established.In 1979, the US officially recognized the Communist government of China and diplomatic relations are established.

41. 41 Cold War Ends 1985- Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the USSR and declares glasnost (openness) and perestroika ( economic restructuring).1985- Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the USSR and declares glasnost (openness) and perestroika ( economic restructuring). 1989- Poland under the slogan of “Solidarity”1989- Poland under the slogan of “Solidarity” establishes a non Communist government. establishes a non Communist government. Hungary soon follows with a free government.Hungary soon follows with a free government.

42. 42 1989- President Ronald Regan pressures Gorbachev … ‘Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall’ and they begin to end the Cold War.1989- President Ronald Regan pressures Gorbachev … ‘Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall’ and they begin to end the Cold War.

43. 43 1989- Berlin Wall is torn down- and migration into West Germany is allowed.1989- Berlin Wall is torn down- and migration into West Germany is allowed. 1990- US President George Bush and USSR Premiere Gorbachev agree to the reunification of Germany1990- US President George Bush and USSR Premiere Gorbachev agree to the reunification of Germany Berlin wall comes down

44. 44 1991-Hard-line Communists stage unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev1991-Hard-line Communists stage unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev 1991- Soviet Union is abolished and the1991- Soviet Union is abolished and the CIS- Commonwealth of Independent States are established- the fifteen former soviet states become independent nations.CIS- Commonwealth of Independent States are established- the fifteen former soviet states become independent nations. The collapse of the Soviet Union represents one on the most important events of the 20 th century.The collapse of the Soviet Union represents one on the most important events of the 20 th century. Heavy military expenditures during the Cold War benefited Virginia’s economy proportionately more than any other state.Heavy military expenditures during the Cold War benefited Virginia’s economy proportionately more than any other state.

45. 45 Cold War Presidents Cold War PresidentsTrumanEisenhowerKennedyJohnsonNixonFordCarterReagan H W Bush

46. US redirects its policies in post Cold War Era. President George H.W. Bush – 1989-1993President George H.W. Bush – 1989-1993 Reunification of Germany Reunification of Germany Collapse of YugoslaviaCollapse of Yugoslavia Breakup of USSR and creation of CISBreakup of USSR and creation of CIS Persian Gulf War of 1990-91Persian Gulf War of 1990-91 Women in combatWomen in combat Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm 46

47. President William Jefferson Clinton 1993-2001President William Jefferson Clinton 1993-2001 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Diplomatic relations with VietnamDiplomatic relations with Vietnam Sanctions against South Africa were lifted with the end of apartheid.Sanctions against South Africa were lifted with the end of apartheid. NATO action against YugoslaviaNATO action against Yugoslavia 47

48. President George W. Bush 2001-2009 Terrorists attacks onTerrorists attacks on US soil on 9/11/2001US soil on 9/11/2001 War in AfghanistanWar in Afghanistan War in IraqWar in Iraq 48

49. President Barack Obama – 2009- PresentPresident Barack Obama – 2009- Present National Health CareNational Health Care War in AfghanistanWar in Afghanistan National Debt CrisisNational Debt Crisis 49