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2. Biology is multidimensional Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell This array is an example of what dimension? Levels of Organization What fields of biology are at each extreme? Biophysics and Biochemistry In this course our focus will be upon… The Organism! This level of organization is also… Hierarchial / Multidimensional!

3. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Carl_von_Linné.jpg Carolus Linnaeus (aka Carl von Linné) Swedish Botanist, Physician, and Zoologist 1707 - 1778 Developed a hierarchial classification scheme do deal with all these organisms, and we use to this day (though we are moving away from it a little bit)!

4. Taxonomy is also Hierarchial! The Organisms are Diverse: Taxonomy Domain BacteriaArchaeaEukarya Kingdom Eubacteria Gram + Archaea Protista (Chromista) PlantaeFungiAnimalia Phylum Proteobacteria Eury- archaeota Phaeophyta Anthophyta Magnolio- phyta Basidio- mycota Chordata Class Gamma- proteobacteria -- Phaeo- phyceae Dicoty- ledonae Hymeno- mycetes Mammalia Order Entero- bacteriales Halo- bacteriales FucalesRosalesAgaricalesPrimates Family Entero- bacteriaceae Halo- bacteriaceae FucaceaeRosaceaeAgaricaceaeHominidae Genus Escherichia Halo- bacterium FucusRosaAgaricusHomo Species E. coliH. salinarumF. distichusR. multifloraA. bisporusH. sapiens Common DH5  Halophytic archaeon RockweedWild RoseMushroomHuman

5. How many organisms are there? What is a species? Animal species concept… if offspring are fertile then same species… does not apply to species of other kingdoms: Prokaryotes (no sex) Allopolyploidy in plants

6. http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/JNB/JNB002/00099924.jpg http://www.explorecrete.com/albums/album19/donkey.jpg Horse: Equus caballusDonkey: Equus asinus http://www.muleranch.com/Clients/RedPeak-JerryHeitzlerMule.gif Mule: Sterile Hybrid X

7. http://museum.utep.edu/chih/theland/animals/mammals/clatrans.jpeg http://www.ecores.uzhgorod.ua/Fotogalereya/fauna/Canis_lupus_01.JPG http://www.dog.com/breed/docgrafx/germshep.jpg Coyote Canis latrans German Shepherd Dog Canis familiaris Wolf Canis lupus http://www.city.west-lafayette.in.us/wlpd/coyredw.jpg Coydog http://www.leerburg.com/Photos/wolfdog-05.jpg Wolfdog Fertile Hybrids! XX

8. What is a Species? The Case of Bread Wheat AA (diploid wheat) x DD (diploid grass) AD (sterile diploid) similar to mule! AADD (fertile tetraploid) Triticum urartuAegilops tauschii colchicine or spontaneous BB (diploid grass) BAD (sterile triploid) colchicine or spontaneous BBAADD Fertile hexaploid Bread Wheat Triticum aestivum Bread Wheat Created 7500 BC with spontaneous doubling of DNA Levy A. A. and M. Feldman. 2002. The impact of polyploidy on grass genome evolution. Plant Physiol. 130: 1587-1593. Aegilops speltoides