1. 2 & 3 December 2014 Do Now: Progress Reports turned in to the paperwork tray (bottom) Assignments turned in (if needed) Notebook and textbook on desk open to the next clean page (notebook) and page 34 (our textbook) REVIEW the Vocabulary (the ones we haven’t been tested on) Computer and online access at home? I will explain

2. Announcements…(12/2) I will be here after school today until 4:00 so you can come in and redo/correct tests and do missing work as well as get help on work (not on tests/quizzes! )… Progress Reports are due back BY this Friday, December 5 th !! Quiz on Thursday – other 11 words of chapter 2… ◦ extensivebarterepidemic ◦ lucrativeextinctionimmunity ◦ Northwest Passageintrusionpredominant ◦ Continental Dividesubsidiary

3. Announcements…(12/3) Progress Reports are due back BY this Friday, December 5 th !! Quiz on Friday – other 11 words of chapter 2… ◦ extensivebarterepidemic ◦ lucrativeextinctionimmunity ◦ Northwest Passageintrusionpredominant ◦ Continental Dividesubsidiary Phones SWIFT/Classroom website…update…

4. Chapter 2 - Early Encounters: Two Worlds Meet Essential Question: ◦ What brought explorers and settlers to the Pacific Northwest and how did their arrival affect native cultures?

5. Prior to European Contact…

6. Natives of the Pacific Northwest The Coastal People ◦ During the 2,000 years before contact with white explorers, natives of the Northwest Coast (from California to Alaska) created a unique and rich culture. ◦ Coastal people depended on the ocean, rivers, and plant life for shelter, clothing and transportation.  Marine economy  Mild marine climate – life was less harsh ◦ Lived in homes of cedar ◦ The basic social unit was the extended family  Climate & natural resources provided opportunities for these tribes to focus on cultural arts as well as ceremonies during the winter months ◦ Wealth was important to social ranking ◦ A wealthy family might own more canoes, tools, weapons, and animal skins. They also had slaves.

7. Salish Salish-speaking people were the largest group of Indians on the coast Occupied all of Puget Sound and most of western Washington Map on page 36…

8. Chinook Lived along the Columbia River Middlemen in the vast network of Indian trade Developed a language called “Chinook Jargon” to make trade and communication easier ◦ Was necessary because all of the tribes had their own language ◦ Spoken language understood by dozens of tribes in a large area of western North America\ ◦ American Indians were speaking this language when white settlers arrived in the area ◦ Contained about 500 words ◦ Was the language used in treaties between Indian tribes and the U.S. gov’t in the 1850s

9. Crafts were developed by native groups along the coast …weaving baskets to carry things and for storage as well as shells, necklaces that were also used as currency.

10. Makah Lived on the very tip of the Olympic Peninsula – related to the Nootka that lived on Vancouver Island (does that make sense when you look at the map on page 31?) This group and a few nearby tribes hunted and harvested gray whales as they migrated along the coast. ◦ Hunted in cedar canoes ◦ Ceremonial rituals done to prepare for the whale hunt

11. Homes (and other things) made of cedar… Red cedar was the basic building material of Coastal Indians for homes, furniture, tools, and other things (including clothes). ◦ Easily split ◦ Used for longhouses for the various tribes of the coastal groups ◦ Longhouses – long dwellings where many people lived made from red cedar  Overlapping cedar planks (today?)  Planks/shavings covered dirt floors  Several related families lived in one longhouse (facing the sea)

12. Family, Wealth, and Slaves Extended family was the social unit Wealth was important in social ranking Group leaders were mostly wealthy and as wealth increased, a person was able to move up the social ladder Groups and councils governed – no single person Slaves – usually women and children stolen from other groups; lived in houses with the family and did the hard work.

13. Natives of the Pacific Northwest (2) Plateau People ◦ Divided into two main language groups ◦ The Salish-speaking tribes of the northern plateau:  The Spokane, Kalispel, Coeur d’Alene, Colville, Okanagon, Columbia, and Wenatchee ◦ Tribes of the southern plateau:  The Nez Perce, Yakama, Palouse, Klickitat, Kittitas, Umatilla, and Wanapum Hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters influenced how the people of the plateau lived ◦ Migrating with the seasons  Winter villages that were stable in pit/tule homes  Food gathering trips for months living in teepees (tipis) ◦ Clothing and shelters changing with the seasons Columbia River system ◦ Major transportation route through the region ◦ Very important as a source of food

14. Gender Roles & Equality Men and women had defined roles, but there was a great deal of equality between them. Helped to maintain balance in the tribe Women Food gathering and preparation Made clothes and cared for the children In some tribes had greater authority than men  Men  Provided food; made tools & weapons  Built houses; went to war if necessary Marriage ◦ Women free to reject proposals; could even propose marriage in some tribes

15. Trade connections Major camas-gathering fields became trading areas along with major fishing sites. Goods exchanged ◦ Ritual gifts ◦ Bartered for other goods ◦ Won/lost through gambling Extensive trading activities between Chinook and Plateau tribes at the Dalles – became one of the most important inter-cultural trading sites in North America Trade enriched lives but also spread deadly germs.

16. Horses and their impact… Horses were brought to Mexico by the Spanish explorers and made their way to most Plateau tribes by 1750 ◦ By 1700 – horses among the Shoshoni in Idaho ◦ Cayuse ppl brought horses to the Plateau – most tribes had a few by 1750 ◦ Nez Perce & Cayuse – large herds of horses with extensive grazing lands ◦ Little need for horses in the Coastal tribal areas but there were a few Horses made traveling, gathering, and hunting much easier Greed for horses increased the scale of violence ◦ Became spoils of war; stealing them became a test of bravery ◦ Shoshoni regularly raided for horses and slaves ◦ Oregon Klamath people were fierce traders for both also

17. To Do… Study your vocabulary for the quiz Read chapter 2